沉积物对粪固醇的吸附行为研究

采用批量振荡法模拟粪固醇在沉积物-水两相中的迁移,考察了温度、盐度、pH值、浓度对沉积物吸附粪固醇的影响.结果表明,温度升高不利于沉积物对粪固醇的吸附,但有利于粪固醇溶解度的增加;沉积物有机质中亲水性基团向水体中释放,不利于粪固醇的吸附;盐度升高和水体中粪固醇初始浓度增大皆有利于沉积物对粪固醇的吸附;pH值增高或降低皆抑制沉积物对粪固醇的吸附;沉积物中粗胡敏素对粪固醇吸附贡献较大,矿物质对粪固醇吸附贡献较小;温度、盐度、pH值和粪固醇浓度的变化,对粪醇/(粪醇+加氢胆固醇)、粪醇/24-乙基粪醇、粪醇/胆固醇、24-乙基粪醇/谷甾醇、24-乙基粪醇/(24-乙基粪醇+加氢谷甾醇)5个质量比指标的影响较小,其质量比指标可以作为粪便污染的指示物.     

旅游景区厕所废水收集与处理技术研究进展

旅游景区厕所粪污生态化处理技术是解决旅游景区环境污染、改善游客游览体验及防治疾病传播的重要基础,但受旅游景区地理位置、当地经济发展水平及游客的环保意识等条件的影响,国内各旅游景区粪尿收集及生态化处理水平有较大的差异.本文针对当前旅游景区厕所粪污的收集和处理问题,综述了旅游景区厕所粪污收集转运方式与处理技术,分析了技术特点、工程应用效果及技术选择应考虑的因素.     

Primary sludge stabilisation with calcium hydroxide

We studied the effect of the addition of calcium hydroxide to primary raw sludges. Calcium hydroxide enhances ammonia release as well as proteins and fats hydrolysis from the sludge organic material during stabilisation process. Changes in the molecular composition of the sludge extractable lipids caused by calcium hydroxide suspension, analysed using gas chromatography interfaced to mass spectrometry detector, are discussed. Calcium hydroxide treatment selectively removes fatty acids from the sludge lipids, while it has little effect on removal and molecular assemblage of the stanol and sterol compounds during sludge stabilisation. Biogenic n-alkanes are minor components in the sludge lipids.     

Efficiency of Modified H2S Test for Detection of Faecal Contamination in Water

Faecal contamination is a major causative factor for incidence of water borne infectious diseases. Certain hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) producing enteric bacteria such as Salmonella sp. and Citrobacter sp., assosiated with coliforms, have been considered for rapid detection of recent faecal contamination in water. The basic H₂S test medium, modified by adding 0.25 gm/L of L-cystine HCl, was examined for its efficiency with 90 water samples collected from 40 pipe supplies, 20 open wells, 15 hand pumps and 15 different surface water bodies (river, streams and ponds). Sterilized modified culture medium in glass vials was inoculated with 100 mL of each sample and incubated at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 44 ^∘C for 18, 24, 42, 48, 66 and 72 h. Blackening of content in incubated vials was considered positive. For comparison, most probable number (MPN) of coliform and faecal coliform per 100 mL was also estimated in each sample by multiple tube fermentation (MTF) method. H₂S positive result was exhibited by 78% of samples. Coliform (> 10) and faecal coliform/100 mL were also detected in 59% of samples. Maximum H₂S positive results (100%) were found with well and surface water samples incubated at 30, 35 and 44 ^∘C for 18 h. Coliform (> 10) and faecal coliform/100 mL were also detected in most of these samples. Pipe supplies (60%) and hand pumps (73%) also exhibited considerable H₂S production. Coliforms and faecal coliforms were also found in significant number of these samples. Thus, the modified H₂S test may prove a useful alternative indicator of faecal contamination for water quality surveillance and screening of large number of water samples in short duration, particularly during any outbreak of water borne disease among rural population.     

粗胡敏素对粪固醇的吸附及其影响因素

采用批量震荡法模拟粪固醇在粗胡敏素-水两相中的迁移,研究了粪固醇在粗胡敏素上的吸附行为,同时考察了温度、盐度、pH对吸附行为的影响。结果表明:温度升高不利于吸附进行,温度升高可增加粪固醇的溶解度,粗胡敏素中亲水性基团向水中释放都不利于吸附的进行。盐度升高有利于吸附,而pH的改变对吸附影响不大,当pH在10.0左右,粪固醇吸附量最低。正交实验显示,温度、盐度、pH对吸附都有影响,影响顺序依次为:温度>pH>盐度。温度、盐度、pH的改变对粪醇/(粪醇+二氢胆固醇)[5β/(5β+5α)-C27]、粪醇/24-乙基粪醇(Coprostanol/24-ethylcoprostanol)、粪醇/胆固醇(coprostanol/cholesterol)、24-乙基粪醇/谷甾醇(24-ethyl coprostanol/sitosterol)、24-乙基粪醇/(24-乙基粪醇+加氢谷甾醇)[5β/(5β+5α)-C29]5个比值指标影响较小,其比值指标可以作为粪便污染的指示物。     

Persistence and growth of faecal culturable bacterial indicators in water column and sediments of Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva, Switzerland

The aims of this study was to investigate the persistence and the growth of culturable bacterial indicators (CBI) including total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms represented by Escherichia coli, enterococcus (ENT), and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) in the surface sediments and the water column of Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, City of Lausanne, Switzerland). The study was carried out for 60 d using microcosms containing Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) e uent and nonsterile water without CBI, as well as contaminated and non-contaminated sediments. The e ects of water temperature and of organic matter associated with sediments on the survival of CBI in the sediments and the water column were observed. The number of CBI colonies in the contaminated sediments of Vidy Bay and in the STP e uent was almost identical in the order of 105–107, 104–106, 103–105, and 104–107 CFU/100 g sediment or /100 mL water for TC, E. coli, ENT, and AMB respectively. A degradation of CBI was observed in the sediments where organic mater content was low and in the water column at a temperature of 10°C after 5 d of experimentation. In addition, a growth of CBI was observed in the sediment which is rich in organic matter at 20°C. The results of this study indicate: (1) the higher concentrations of the CBI observed in di erent points in the water column of Vidy Bay may not be explained only by the recent contribution of the three potential sources of the Bay contamination including STP and the Chamberonne and Flon Rivers, but also by the persistence, removal from sediment and multiplication of CBI in the sediment and water column; (2) the sediment of Vidy Bay constitute a reservoir of CBI and can even support their growth; and (3) the CBI not only survive in sediments, but also can be remobilized and increased in the water column, therefore, it become a permanent microbiological pollution in Vidy Bay.     

Faecal sterols as sewage markers in the Langat River, Malaysia: Integration of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches

The Langat River in Malaysia has been experiencing anthropogenic input from urban, rural and industrial activities for many years. Sewage contamination, possibly originating from the greater than three million inhabitants of the Langat River Basin, were examined. Sediment samples from 22 stations (SL01-SL22) along the Langat River were collected, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. Six different sterols were identified and quantified. The highest sterol concentration was found at station SL02 (618.29 ng/g dry weight), which situated in the Balak River whereas the other sediment samples ranged between 11.60 and 446.52 ng/g dry weight. Sterol ratios were used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments and majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that sewage contamination was occurring at most stations in the Langat River. A multivariate statistical analysis was used in conjunction with a combination of biomarkers to better understand the data that clearly separated the compounds. Most sediments of the Langat River were found to contain low to mid-range sewage contamination with some containing `significant' levels of contamination. This is the first report on sewage pollution in the Langat River based on a combination of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches that will establish a new standard for sewage detection using faecal sterols.     

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and correlation with microbial,chemical and physical water variables

Contaminated water are recognized as a potential source of Cryptosporidium oocysts. In Italy studies on the environmentalspread of the parasite are still scarce even if a high frequencyof serological responses could suggest high rates of endemic Cryptosporidium infections. In this investigation theoccurrence of the parasite in water samples from a municipalwastewater treatment plant was monitored with the aim to evaluatepossible correlation between oocysts and bacterial indicators,pathogens and physico-chemical parameters using a multivariateanalysis. Data collected showed high numbers of oocysts, with ahigh percentage of positive samples and a significant correlationwith pH, redox potential and total organic carbon. No correlationwas found between Cryptosporidium concentration and that of the other microrganisms. The results, through a probing statistical analysis, show that none of the selected microrganisms was a reliable predictor of the presence of theparasite.     

Chemical Compositions and Sources of Organic Matter in Fine Particles of Soils and Sands from the Vicinity of Kuwait City

Fine particles in the atmosphere from soil and sand resuspension contain a variety of organic compounds from natural biogenic and anthropogenic matter. Soil and sand samples from various sites near Kuwait city were collected, sieved to retain the fine particles, and extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol. The extracts were derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to characterize the chemical compositions and sources of the organic components. The major inputs of organic compounds were from both natural biogenic and anthropogenic sources in these samples. Vegetation was the major natural source of organic compounds and included n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanes, sterols and triterpenoids. Saccharides had high concentrations (31–43%) in the sand dune and seafront samples, indicating sources from decomposed vegation materials and/or the presence of viable microbiota such as bacteria and fungi. Vehicular emission products, leakage of lubricating oils, discarded plastics and emissions from cooking operations were the major anthropogenic inputs in the samples from the urban areas. This input was mainly UCM, n-alkanes, hopanes, plasticizers and cholesterol, respectively.     

The prevalence of bacterial resistance in clinical, food, water and some environmental samples in Southwest Nigeria

The resistance pattern and mechanisms of bacterial isolates obtained from clinical origin, soil, industrial effluent, orange juice products and drinking water were studied using commonly used antibiotics. The microbial load of the water samples, industrial effluent and orange juice products were 1.0 × 10¹–2.25 × 10⁶, 2.15 × 10⁵, and 3.5 × 10⁴–2.15 × 10⁵ cfu mL^–1, respectively. The faecal coliform test revealed that only two out of twenty orange juice products had MPN of 2 and 20, the MPN of water ranged from 1–1800, while the effluent had MPN of 1800. The bacterial isolates that were isolated include E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, S. marcescens, S. pyogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp. Also, clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa were used in the study. Among the eight antibiotics tested for resistance on five strains of each bacterium, seven different resistance patterns were observed among the bacterial isolates obtained from water, effluent and orange juice products. Among the clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa, four multiple-drug resistance patterns were obtained. Thirty strains of E. coli and S. aureus were tested for -lactamase production and fourteen strains, seven each of E. coli and S. aureus that had high Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values (MIC) for both Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin were positive.