非自愿性移民生产安置中土地公平补偿研究——以湖南皂市水利枢纽工程为例

水利水电工程建设与移民安置会占用淹没区与安置区土地,根据补偿原理,淹没区与安置区理应获得补偿,从公平角度研究其土地补偿,对于增进移民与安置区居民福祉、实现社会公平正义具有积极意义。本文在界定和讨论淹没区与安置区土地公平补偿内涵与范围的基础上,分析了研究区域现行补偿标准的公平性,采用收益还原法和条件价值法分别测算了淹没区与安置区土地的市场价值与非市场价值,并由此测算土地公平补偿。结果表明:1淹没区与安置区土地公平补偿内涵是"损失什么,补偿什么",采取完全补偿原则,能体现"两区"之间的公平,公平补偿范围包括农地市场价值和非市场价值;2研究区域淹没区和安置区水田的市场价值分别是698 558.18元/hm2和573 272.73元/hm2,旱地为457 090.91元/hm2和465 818.18元/hm2;淹没区和安置区水田的非市场价值为50 006.40元/hm2和52 008.36元/hm2,旱地为47 045.65元/hm2和48 278.08元/hm2。3淹没区水田公平补偿测算结果为748 564.58元/hm2,旱地为504 136.56元/hm2;安置区水田公平补偿为625 281.09元/hm2,旱地为514 096.26元/hm2;4现行淹没区水田和旱地补偿标准仅为测算结果的53.77%和53.80%,安置区的补偿标准更是远低于该测算结果。研究结论:研究区域现行土地补偿标准仅能反映部分农地价值,是不完全补偿,同时,有关补偿制度未将淹没区与安置区土地补偿置于平等地位,现行土地补偿标准有失公平;本文基于农户的福利损失测算土地补偿,体现了公平补偿内涵;在土地补偿政策改进方面,应提高淹没区与安置区土地补偿标准,建立完善的社会保障制度,实施更加积极的就业政策等。     

Green fairs as venues for civic engagement

We present the first systematic research on green fairs in the USA. We provide a summary analysis of the frequency, trends, goals, structure, and operations of green fairs being held in the USA. We also present an initial assessment of their potential contributions to civic engagement through a study of the intentions and behaviour of fair organisers and fair goers. This assessment is premised on previous research in civic engagement and similar local events with environmental themes, such as farmers' markets. Green fairs are recent, yet now common, events in the USA. Although brief and informal experiences for attendees, green fairs are rich with opportunities to engage people in their community on sustainability and other environmental issues. They are important venues for civic engagement that are distinct from both farmers' markets and from more formal settings for engagement.     

Achieving sustainable lifestyles? Socio-cultural dispositions,collective action and material culture as problems and possibilities

This article focuses on the everyday life of ordinary households, their behaviour and responsibility with regard to environmental and sustainability issues. Previous research has shown that there is a gap between what households perceive as ideologically correct behaviour and what they actually do. It is argued here that socio-cultural dispositions, material culture and collective action need to be included in future strategies for creating more sustainable lifestyles. The investigation is based on a study of families participating in a year-long project in which the families learned to live in a more environmentally friendly way. In the study of the families, material culture interacted with routines, family relations and citizenship in a reproducing manner. The lifestyle changes were gender-biased, with the women as driving forces but also bearing most of the extra workload. From early life experiences, garbage sorting stood out as an especially powerful tool for a change towards more sustainable lifestyles.     

从典型碳排放权分配方案探析“气候公平”的发展方向

在保证全球气候安全的前提下,如何公平分配有限的碳排放空间,是全球气候治理与气候谈判关注的焦点问题。对发展中国家而言,国际社会对碳排放权的公平分配不仅涉及到环境问题,更关系到它们的发展权益与成本。在对"气候公平"理论的主流观点、碳排放权分配的若干"公平原则"进行述评的基础上,通过对中外典型的碳排放权分配方案的梳理和剖析,探讨了"气候公平"从"祖父原则"到"人均公平"、从"人均公平"到"人均累计公平"、从"人均累计公平"到兼顾"人均累计公平"与"可持续发展"、从"生产型排放公平"到"消费型排放公平"、从"排放公平"到"发展公平"的发展方向,并从碳排放权公平分配的角度探讨了如何保证未来全球气候安全、满足人类基本需求的碳排放、发展中国家可持续发展的"三赢"。     

地震工作者的公平意识研究

本文对地震系统高、中、初级专业人员的公平意识作了研究。运用量化标度数值处理,约90%的人属公平感范畴。解析公平感构成的直接主导因素和附加影响因素发现,良好感觉与岗位层次具有一致性,与他人比较、与过去比较“一样”的感觉呈稳定相态,投入和获得的关系表现出复杂的位错现象,事业信念向消极转化的倾向明显。对数值标度大于-1.5σ的非公平感者追访调查,证实确有其困难或问题。