石油污染土壤及地下水的生物修复进展

This paper presents a review with 41 references on bioremediation of oil or oil products contaminated soil and groundwater in the past several years．Many aspects are discussed,such as the types of remedied soils,the degraded pollutants,separation and selection of strains for oil degradation,effects of the added nutrition or other substances,and some available techniques of bioremediation.     

串叶松香草生物量和营养成分动态及其对土壤理化性质的影响

田间试验和化学分析结果表明,串叶松香草两个品种４个生育期的茎、叶产量均以Ａ型＞Ｂ型,在３ａ内串叶松香草产量随生长年限增加,且以Ａ型品种产量高．串叶松香草３个生育期叶片氨基酸和蛋白质含量高于茎,并以Ａ型品种现蕾期为最高;两个品种氨基酸组分以Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｕ、Ｌｅｕ和Ｌｙｓ含量高,各生育期氨基酸组分含量变化规律不同．串叶松香草的粗脂肪、Ｃａ、Ｐ和灰分含量以叶＞茎,而粗纤维和可溶性糖含量却以茎中较高．除粗纤维外,其余饲用成分含量均随生育期的出现而呈递降之趋势．串叶松香草现蕾期Ｎ、Ｋ含量和莲座期Ｐ含量达最高．种植３ａ后串叶松香草明显改善土壤物理性质,提高土壤酶活性,明显降低土壤有效Ｎ、Ｐ和Ｋ含量     

石油污染土壤及地下水的生物修复进展[综述]

所谓石油污染土壤的生物修复［２］（Ｂｉｏｒｅｍｅｄｉａｔｉｏｎ）,是指利用微生物及其他生物,将存在于土壤、地下水和海洋中的有毒有害的石油污染物现场降解成二氧化碳和水或转化成为无害物质的工程技术系统．它是传统的生物处理方法的延伸,其创新之处在于它治理的对象是较大面积的污染．由于现场环境的复杂性,因而产生了许多不同于治理点污染的概念和技术措施．与物理、化学土壤修复技术相比,生物修复技术具有多种优点［１,２］．ＫｕｒｏｄａＤａｎｎａＲ［３］曾以美国应用实例对生物修复技的特点进行过详细的归纳与总结：既可…     

ROLE OF EROSION PROCESSES IN TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES: RESULTS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS1

ABSTRACT: An experimental one-year fieldwork has been conducted in the vicinity of the Chernobyl NPP, within an agricultural watershed, to study the transfer of radionuclides brought into the environment by the disaster of 1986. Presented are results of observation of the washout of ¹³⁷Cs from the runoff plot both in natural conditions and under artificial rainfalls. Beside traditional hydro-logical methods, new techniques were used allowing to consider microtopographical peculiarities of the runoff plot and their role in the redistribution of radionuclides. The estimate of the annual mass balance for the soil and the radionuclides within the runoff plot has shown that, regardless of significant areal variation of their concentration, the ¹³⁷Cs washout with the solid runoff resulted from artificial rainfalls amounts to some 1 percent of its reserves in the uppermost 5 cm of the topsoil. The same parameter for the natural runoff is lower by an order of magnitude. Both these factors of self-purification are about two times less than natural radioactive decay of ¹³⁷Cs.     

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN THE SOUTHEAST U.S.1

ABSTRACT: Climate change has the potential to have dramatic effects on the agricultural sector nationally and internationally as documented in many research papers. This paper reports on research that was focused on a specific crop growing area to demonstrate how farm managers might respond to climate-induced yield changes and the implications of these responses for agricultural water use. The Hadley model was used to generate climate scenarios for important agricultural areas of Georgia in 2030 and 2090. Linked crop response models indicated generally positive yield changes, as increased temperatures were associated with increased precipitation and CO2. Using a farm management model, differences in climate-induced yield impacts among crops led to changes in crop mix and associated water use; non-irrigated cropland received greater benefit since irrigated land was already receiving adequate moisture. Model results suggest that farm managers will increase cropping intensity by decreasing fallowing and increasing double cropping; corn acreage decreased dramatically, peanuts decreased moderately and cotton and winter wheat increased. Water use on currently irrigated cropland fell. The potential for increased water use through conversion of agriculturally important, but currently non-irrigated, growing areas is substantial.     

水稻土中胱氨酸分解产生含硫气体的研究

测定在室内培养情况下南京水稻土中挥发性含硫气体的释放．结果表明,该土壤中产生Ｈ２Ｓ、羰基硫（ＣＯＳ）和二甲基硫（ＭＤＳ）气体．当土壤中加入胱氨酸后,检测到甲硫醇（ＣＨ３ＳＨ）、二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）、ＣＯＳ、Ｈ２Ｓ和ＤＭＳ气体．除ＤＭＳ之外,这些气体的释放量随胱氨酸添加量增加而增加．据此推测,水稻土中胱氨酸的分解可能是ＣＨ３ＳＨ、ＣＳ２、ＣＯＳ、Ｈ２Ｓ等４种气体产生释放的来源之一．在厌氧条件（充氮淹水）下检测到的含硫气体低于好氧条件（普通大气淹水）．光照、ｐＨ值、土壤含水量等对含硫气体的释放量均有影响     

中国东部花岗岩、玄武岩及石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量的纬向分异

在中国东部花岗岩、玄武岩和石灰岩地区布设91个采样点,采集土壤剖面和母岩样品,测试13种微量元素的含量,研究其纬向分异规律及影响因素。结果表时：（1）土壤微量元素含量顺序为：玄武岩土壤＞石灰岩土壤＞花岗岩土壤;（2）花岗岩和玄武岩上土壤微量元素含量与母岩接近,石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量远高于母岩;（3）花岗岩上土壤微量元素的含量由北向南呈降低趋势,而玄武岩和石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量由北向南均呈增高趋势,且与游离氧化铁含量的增高同步;（4）微量元素含量与氧化铁含量在玄武岩土壤中的相关性大于这两者在花岗岩土壤中的相关性。     

红壤区耕地有机物质的利用现状与开发策略

应用大量的调查和试验数据,论述了红壤区耕地有机物质资源的种类、数量及分布状况;分析了目前有机物质利用的现状及存在问题;探讨了开发有机肥料资源的对策。     

热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性

采用Hedley的磷素分级方法研究热带胶园土壤磷的形态,结果表明、热带胶园土壤磷主要以ResidualP、NaOH－Po和NaOH－Pi形态存在;各种形态磷的损失质量分数均高于38％;其中ResidualP和NaOH－Po的损失量最高,分别占全磷损失量的52％和16％,它们是长期耕作条件下热带胶园土壤磷两种最重要的有效磷源。     

珠海市坡地开垦引发的水土流失及其防治措施

珠海市被地开垦侵蚀的面积为756．82hm2,主要分布于西区斗门县的乾务、五山、斗门等镇,以及平沙区、三灶区等地海拔10～50m、坡度大于10的丘陵台地;侵蚀强度以中度侵蚀为主．平均侵蚀模数2380t／（km2·a）。造成坡地开垦侵蚀的主要原因是开垦利用过程中水土保持措施没有跟上,选择的坡地坡度过大,本文针对珠海市坡地开垦侵蚀的特点,建议采用等高绿篱耕作、山边沟技术、复合农村技术等几项坡地水土保持措施。