The effects of littoral zone vegetation on turbulent mixing in lakes

Micro-scale thermal profile data were acquired in four lakes in northwest England and southeast Australia that ranged from a small, sheltered pond with a surface area of about 1 ha to more open lakes with surface areas of several square kilometres. These lakes provided a range of topographic and climatic contexts, basin morphologies and dominant macrophyte species. The data were acquired using two SCAMP profilers, one deployed in the open water and the other mounted on a field traverse deployed within the vegetated littoral zone. From these profile data, turbulence parameters were calculated. The results show the variation in the influence of vegetation on turbulence in the four lakes, which depends on the combination of wind stress, solar radiative forcing and macrophyte mechanical properties. In the sheltered pond, the vegetation alters the light climate within the water, thus reducing stratification and allowing weak, thermally-driven mixing. In the larger lakes, however, the primary action of the vegetation is to prevent surface-generated TKE from penetrating the water column, although this effect becomes less important as the plant separation increases. A simple mechanistic model, calibrated against the field data, suggests that the macrophyte mechanical properties are most important in determining the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) profile. Increasing the number of turbulence-generating plants reduces the transport of surface-generated TKE into the deeper water, consistent with the field observations. The model suggests that solar forcing, as measured by the temperature gradient between the surface and bottom waters, is of less importance since the TKE profile is similar in runs with different gradients. Perhaps most surprisingly, the value of the surface-wind stress used in the model is not important, within the limitations of the model, as it does not change the TKE profile, except in a thin surface layer.     

Management of nutrient emissions of Axios River catchment: Their effect in the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

The estimation of nutrient fluxes, the determination of spatial and temporal response and the understanding of biogeochemical changes in the past, present and future in the Axios River catchment, in Greece, as well as the impacts to the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf were accomplished by the use of harmonized watershed and coastal zone models. The mathematical model MONERIS was the watershed management model that was used to model the export loads of nutrients in Axios River. MONERIS was developed to estimate the nutrient inputs into river basins by point sources and various diffuse pathways. Watershed hydrologic and water quality data were collected and synthesized to develop input data sets for the simulation of Axios River catchment. The model was modified to better assess organic nitrogen export loads in Mediterranean watersheds. The results showed the importance of agricultural and livestock activities, concerning their nutrients emissions in the River. MONERIS was integrated with the coastal zone model WASP 6.0 to assess the impacts of the nutrient loads to the eutrophication status of the coastal zone. Several management scenarios were assessed. Management scenarios included measures for reduction in the emissions from the fertilizer plant of Veles, removal of phosphorous from the detergents in FYROM, treatment of urban wastes to EU Standards, reduction in N-fertilizer input, reduction in erosion and the green scenario that represented the maximum reduction scenario of all the measures together. The model simulations indicated that the coastal zone of Axios mouth will be eutrophic for nitrate (2.69–3.34 μM) and phosphate (0.2–0.68 μM) and upper mesotrophic for chlorophyll-a (0.74–1.45 μg/l) for the scenarios tested. The results suggest that the impact of the management scenarios will be largely negligible (no change in trophic status) for the Thermaikos Gulf sector nearby the Axios River due to additional sources such as the loads from Thessaloniki's waste water treatment plant which appear to affect the region to a greater extent. The integration of watershed and coastal zone models can be used to assess management scenarios in order to illustrate the significance of various land use practices to the eutrophication of the Gulf.     

珠江口广州海域COD与DO的分布特征及影响因素

于2003-2007年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)调查了广州海域16个站位的COD、DO以及其它理化因子的时空分布特征.调查期间,COD质量浓度范围为0.76～9.12 mg·L~(-1),平均值为2.83 mg·L~(-1);溶解氧质量浓度范围为1.98～9.79 mg·L~(-1),平均值为5.27 mg·L~(-1).结果表明,COD与DO的时空分布特征主要受生活污水排放,陆源排污,降雨量以及水动力状况等因素的影响.COD质量浓度在冬季和秋季较高,春季和夏季较低,而DO质量浓度则是冬季和春季高于秋季和夏季.空间分布上,COD质量浓度从湾内向湾外逐步递减,而DO变化趋势则相反,湾内站位在夏季出现缺氧区.相关性分析中,COD质最浓度与氮营养盐及Chl-a显著正相关,而DO则与COD、Chl-a、Ph以及石油烃显著负相关.COD与DO分布特征对于河口地区的赤潮及碳循环研究有一定研究价值.     

气候变暖对中国夏热冬冷地区居住建筑采暖降温年耗电量的影响

20世纪80年代中期以来的气候变暖,尤其是90年代中期以来的气候显著变暖带给社会经济发展的利与弊,一直以来受到广泛关注。气候变暖对于建筑耗能,尤其是对采暖和降温总耗能的影响很值得研究。论文以主要使用电能进行空间调节的中国夏热冬冷地区为对象,以《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准JCJ134-2001》中所规定的采暖、降温耗电量限值为依据,研究了气候变暖对该区居住建筑单位面积采暖年耗电量、降温年耗电量及采暖降温年耗电总量的影响。结果表明,1986年以来的气候变暖,尤其是1996年以来的气候显著变暖,理论上使夏热冬冷地区居住建筑单位面积采暖年耗电量降低;同时增加了相当一部分地区居住建筑单位面积降温年耗电量;除个别地区外,气候变暖理论上使中国夏热冬冷地区居住建筑单位面积采暖降温耗电总量普遍下降。     

保守性离子在包气带层状土中运移规律研究

为研究溶质在多层层状包气带土中运移规律,选取5种颗粒配比不同的土样填装成由粗及细和由细及粗两分层顺序相反的土柱,通过室内试验研究保守性Br-在两种不同结构层状土中基本运移规律。研究得出:当土体表层遭受浓度为200 g/L Na Br一次性污染,在15 mm/12 h降雨强度下,Br-在第1、2层土体浓度经历快速上升段、峰值段、下降段3个阶段变化,第3、4、5层土体浓度经历上升段、平稳下降段。试验结束时,Br-在由粗及细的土柱中分布较均匀,在由细及粗的土柱中集中在表层;溶质穿透整个土柱的时间,由粗及细结构比由细及粗结构提前96 h。结果表明,在截污性能和延缓溶质向地下水补给方面,由细及粗结构均要优于由粗及细的结构。     

山西煤层自燃区PM10中有机碳、元素碳的特征

采集了山西大同市、宁武县和河曲县煤层自燃区12个点位PM10样品,采用Analysensysteme GmbH Vario E1型元素分析仪分析了PM10中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)组分,探讨了煤层自燃区OC、EC污染特征、总碳气溶胶(TCA)对PM10的贡献、OC/EC比值.结果表明, PM10、OC、EC的质量浓度范围分别为114~401,22.9~68.1,21.9~70.7μg/m3.不同区域PM10、OC和EC污染水平差异较大,河曲县PM10污染最为严重,宁武县碳污染水平最高.露头煤层自燃区PM10低于采空自燃区,而对于OC和EC则相反.TCA对PM10的贡献高达63.82%,且露头煤层自燃区TCA对PM10的贡献比采空自燃区高.不同采样点OC/EC值介于0.7～1.6之间,小于前人结论中相似源OC/EC值.二次有机碳( SOC)污染较小.     

农牧交错带土地利用格局演变研究进展

农牧交错带作为我国农业与牧业区交汇的桥梁和纽带,其生态系统突变和变化方向的不确定性日益突出。在总结农牧交错带自然条件、存在问题和发展现状的基础上重点梳理了土地利用格局驱动力及其演变对生态过程耦合和区域生态环境的影响;基于生态化学计量学元素平衡与循环机制研究土地利用格局演变规律的研究进展,最后对目前基础理论和研究手段进行了分析和前景展望。     

基于GIS的地铁保护区信息管理系统应用研究

针对地铁安全保护区内作业项目繁杂、风险源多、周期长、难以管理等问题,基于GIS技术,利用百度地图建立了地铁保护区信息管理系统,论述了系统的数据结构、总体框架和技术路线。实例表明,该系统实现了地铁保护区内项目从土地出让到施工全过程信息的存储、查询、统计、管理以及信息共享等功能,为地铁的安全运营和外部风险源追溯等提供了信息化支持。     

河岸带生态学研究进展与展望

河岸带是河流—陆地生态系统之间进行物质、能量、信息交换的重要生态过渡区,具有独特的生态系统结构和服务功能,近年来成为国内外生态学和环境科学的研究热点之一。在阐述河岸带结构与功能基础上,分析了河岸带的影响因素与其退化机制,退化河岸带的生态恢复理论、基本原则、生态重建技术和发展方向。认为影响河岸带结构与功能的主要因素可归纳为水文与地貌过程、植被与人为干扰4个方面;识别影响河岸带生态系统的生物和物理作用过程及其退化成因是关键,指出了生态恢复应遵循的原则与宜采用的生态重建技术。在此基础上,提出河岸带生态恢复应在景观或流域尺度上借助“3S”技术和多学科协作从微观、中观和宏观不同层次开展研究,甄别生态退化的主导因素,采用植被重建与水文调控技术尽可能恢复与重建原有自然景观。从系统生态学与景观生态学的角度,提出河岸带生态学未来研究方向。建议今后应加强对河岸带生态系统结构、生态过程与功能及生态重建技术的研究成果进行系统整合,建立能够预测河岸带结构与功能动态的数量模型和评价体系,为实现河岸带重建与高效管理提供科学指导。     

太湖湖滨带藻密度与水质、风作用的分布特征及相关关系

为研究太湖湖滨带水体藻密度、水质及风作用的时空分布特征,于2010年春、夏季调查了太湖湖滨带的水质、藻密度,同时结合风级、风向等数据,运用偏相关法分析了藻密度分布与水质、风作用的相关关系. 结果表明:春季湖滨带水体藻密度低于夏季,平均值分别为1.88×106、1.75×108 L-1,竺山湾、梅梁湾、西部沿岸藻密度较高. 太湖湖滨带水体ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(COD_Mn)春季平均值分别为0.10、4.48、0.99、2.36、6.46mg/L ,夏季分别为0.16、2.09、0.60、0.43、6.73mg/L,其中高值主要分布在竺山湾、西部沿岸、梅梁湾湖滨带;在时间上,ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(DO)春季较高;ρ(TP)、pH夏季较高. 太湖湖滨带春、夏季风作用均以向岸的正作用力为主,夏季和春季风力作用平均值分别为0.26和0.73.风作用值较高的区域出现在梅梁湾、贡湖、西部沿岸. 偏相关分析结果表明:春、夏季藻密度分布均与风作用值呈显著正相关;春季只有透明度与藻密度的分布显著相关,夏季藻密度分布与ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(SS)呈显著性正相关,而与pH呈显著负相关. 在富营养化严重的太湖,N、P等营养盐已经不再是藻类暴发的限制因子,而风作用及与之密切相关的湖流,北部竺山湾、梅梁湾似口袋状的地理形态,是影响藻密度分布的重要因素;另外,入湖河流污染对北部、西北部湖滨带自生藻类的滋生,水生植物、浮游动物对藻类分布也会有不同程度的影响.