云南不同类别基本农田土壤环境质量的时空差异

按照《农田土壤环境质量监测技术规范》（NY／T395--2000）,连续3年定点定位监测了云南亚热带干热河谷旱（缓）坡农耕地、中海拔旱（陡）坡农耕地和平坝区蔬菜地土壤环境质量。统计分析了监测结果的时间差异和空间差异。空间差异：旱（陡）坡农耕地〉旱（缓）玻农耕地〉平坝区蔬菜地;时间差异：旱（缓）坡农耕地〉平坝区蔬菜地〉旱（陡）坡农耕地。     

河南省畜禽粪便污染及耕地负荷时空变化特征分析

为了解河南省畜禽养殖废弃物对环境污染的影响,根据河南省2006年～ 2012年统计数据,以各地级市为单位,分析了2006年～ 2012年河南省主要畜禽粪便产生总量及养分总量、单位耕地面积粪便负荷量及其污染风险预警.结果表明：河南省畜禽粪便产生总量约为28627万吨,猪粪和牛粪占粪便总量的84.5％以上,畜禽粪便还田后,粪便中的养分含量将对该省的水环境造成污染;河南省耕地畜禽粪便负荷预警级别在I级与Ⅳ级之间,风险较高的地市主要集中在漯河、鹤壁等市,尤其是鹤壁市,负荷量最高达59t/hm2.因此,这些地级市应该加强畜禽粪便的风险管理和综合治理工作.     

The role of agri‐environment schemes in conservation and environmental management

Over half of the European landscape is under agricultural management and has been for millennia. Many species and ecosystems of conservation concern in Europe depend on agricultural management and are showing ongoing declines. Agri‐environment schemes (AES) are designed partly to address this. They are a major source of nature conservation funding within the European Union (EU) and the highest conservation expenditure in Europe. We reviewed the structure of current AES across Europe. Since a 2003 review questioned the overall effectiveness of AES for biodiversity, there has been a plethora of case studies and meta‐analyses examining their effectiveness. Most syntheses demonstrate general increases in farmland biodiversity in response to AES, with the size of the effect depending on the structure and management of the surrounding landscape. This is important in the light of successive EU enlargement and ongoing reforms of AES. We examined the change in effect size over time by merging the data sets of 3 recent meta‐analyses and found that schemes implemented after revision of the EU's agri‐environmental programs in 2007 were not more effective than schemes implemented before revision. Furthermore, schemes aimed at areas out of production (such as field margins and hedgerows) are more effective at enhancing species richness than those aimed at productive areas (such as arable crops or grasslands). Outstanding research questions include whether AES enhance ecosystem services, whether they are more effective in agriculturally marginal areas than in intensively farmed areas, whether they are more or less cost‐effective for farmland biodiversity than protected areas, and how much their effectiveness is influenced by farmer training and advice? The general lesson from the European experience is that AES can be effective for conserving wildlife on farmland, but they are expensive and need to be carefully designed and targeted.     

中国农田N_2O排放量的估算

排放量估算是温室效应气体研究的重要内容。本文论述了影响农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算准确性的因素，讨论如何提高农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算的准确性，并估算了中国农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量。     

湿地冷湿效应初探

对湿地周围不同距离农田的近地面气温、湿度、地温以及典型湿地地温的测定表明 ,湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被及其积水深度有关。在所选择的 3种湿地植被中 ,漂筏苔草积水最深 ,冷湿效应最大 ,其次为毛果苔草 ,小叶章最小。不同距离农田的近地面气温和湿度变化不同 ,随距离增加 ,温度增大 ,湿度减小。这种变化主要是由湿地的局部冷湿作用造成的。农田地温平均值高出小叶章湿地 4℃之多 ,高出漂筏苔草湿地近 5℃ ,表明湿地的制冷作用很明显     

有机农业与常规农业对农田生物多样性影响的比较研究进展

一些研究者认为,有机农业不仅在理念上而且在实践上,都有助于促进农田生物多样性的维持和保护.为了促进我国科学界对有机农业与农田生物多样性关联性研究的关注,综述了有机农业对农田生态系统内杂草、地表节肢动物、土壤生物以及鸟类等不同生物类群种类、数量及其多样性的影响.     

Surface Consolidation of Pentelic Marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials - The Acropolis case (6 pp)

Goal and Scope In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones.Methods The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of ‘Inversion of sulfation’, performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, ‘Reinforced Lime’, in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm2) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress.Results A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the ‘Inversion of gypsum ‘ and the ‘Reinforced Lime’ were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries.Recommendation and Outlook All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.     

广州市污水污泥中的重金属及其农用探讨

分析了广州市6种污水污泥中重金属(Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,Mn和Ni)质量分数及其存在形态,并对污泥农业利用过程中施用的最大量进行了估算.结果表明:广州不同来源污水污泥中.(Cu),w(Zn),w(Mn)和,(Ni)较高,变幅较大,而w( Ph )和w( Cr)低.除一种污泥中w(Cu)超标外,其他重金属基本符合国家农用控制标准(G1318918-2002),但所有污泥中重金属质量分数都超过广州市农田土壤平均值.不同重金属以及同一重金属在不同污泥中的形态分布也不同,其中Zn,Mn和Ni的潜在迁移性强,Cu和Cr中的还原态占有很大的比例,污泥中Pb主要以还原态和残渣态存在.根据广州市主要旱地赤红色土壤静态环境容量和动态环境容量计算表明,污泥农用过程中Cu和Zn是主要监控污染元素,不同来源污泥的最大施用量有明显差异.为保证土壤环境的安全,建议将Cu和Zn作为控制城市污水污泥农用过程中最高施用量的计算参考指标.     

县域农用地生态价值评估研究 ——以玉山县为例

针对当前农用地估价工作中存在的重社会经济价值评价,轻生态价值评价,长期缺乏农用地价值的完整认识,直接导致农用地被低价转为建设用地的问题,本研究将采用农用地生态价值估价新方法——吸碳制氧法来测算玉山县农用地生态价值,并与玉山县各乡镇农用地经济价值比较分析,以说明农用地生态价值评估在农用地估价工作中的重要性.研究结果表明,农用地生态价值的评估可以用于指导农用地外部合理流转,有利于农用地的保护,同时,对退耕还林、退田还湖也具有一定的指导意义,因此农用地生态价值评估是非常必要的.     

农田排水中磷素对苏南太湖水系的污染

采用封闭体系和磷素平衡方法研究苏南太湖地区农业面源中磷的排出负荷量和减少排出负荷量的措施。实验结果表明,雨水较丰富的１９８７年,苏南太湖流域农田地表排出磷的总负荷量为４４０．４ｔ／ａ,而较为干旱的１９８８年为２９９．９ｔ／ａ。