河南省畜禽粪便污染及耕地负荷时空变化特征分析

为了解河南省畜禽养殖废弃物对环境污染的影响,根据河南省2006年～ 2012年统计数据,以各地级市为单位,分析了2006年～ 2012年河南省主要畜禽粪便产生总量及养分总量、单位耕地面积粪便负荷量及其污染风险预警.结果表明：河南省畜禽粪便产生总量约为28627万吨,猪粪和牛粪占粪便总量的84.5％以上,畜禽粪便还田后,粪便中的养分含量将对该省的水环境造成污染;河南省耕地畜禽粪便负荷预警级别在I级与Ⅳ级之间,风险较高的地市主要集中在漯河、鹤壁等市,尤其是鹤壁市,负荷量最高达59t/hm2.因此,这些地级市应该加强畜禽粪便的风险管理和综合治理工作.     

The role of agri‐environment schemes in conservation and environmental management

Over half of the European landscape is under agricultural management and has been for millennia. Many species and ecosystems of conservation concern in Europe depend on agricultural management and are showing ongoing declines. Agri‐environment schemes (AES) are designed partly to address this. They are a major source of nature conservation funding within the European Union (EU) and the highest conservation expenditure in Europe. We reviewed the structure of current AES across Europe. Since a 2003 review questioned the overall effectiveness of AES for biodiversity, there has been a plethora of case studies and meta‐analyses examining their effectiveness. Most syntheses demonstrate general increases in farmland biodiversity in response to AES, with the size of the effect depending on the structure and management of the surrounding landscape. This is important in the light of successive EU enlargement and ongoing reforms of AES. We examined the change in effect size over time by merging the data sets of 3 recent meta‐analyses and found that schemes implemented after revision of the EU's agri‐environmental programs in 2007 were not more effective than schemes implemented before revision. Furthermore, schemes aimed at areas out of production (such as field margins and hedgerows) are more effective at enhancing species richness than those aimed at productive areas (such as arable crops or grasslands). Outstanding research questions include whether AES enhance ecosystem services, whether they are more effective in agriculturally marginal areas than in intensively farmed areas, whether they are more or less cost‐effective for farmland biodiversity than protected areas, and how much their effectiveness is influenced by farmer training and advice? The general lesson from the European experience is that AES can be effective for conserving wildlife on farmland, but they are expensive and need to be carefully designed and targeted.     

中国农田N_2O排放量的估算

排放量估算是温室效应气体研究的重要内容。本文论述了影响农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算准确性的因素，讨论如何提高农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算的准确性，并估算了中国农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量。     

湿地冷湿效应初探

对湿地周围不同距离农田的近地面气温、湿度、地温以及典型湿地地温的测定表明 ,湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被及其积水深度有关。在所选择的 3种湿地植被中 ,漂筏苔草积水最深 ,冷湿效应最大 ,其次为毛果苔草 ,小叶章最小。不同距离农田的近地面气温和湿度变化不同 ,随距离增加 ,温度增大 ,湿度减小。这种变化主要是由湿地的局部冷湿作用造成的。农田地温平均值高出小叶章湿地 4℃之多 ,高出漂筏苔草湿地近 5℃ ,表明湿地的制冷作用很明显     

中国农田生态系统土壤碳库的饱和水平及其固碳潜力

在利用反硝化-分解(DNDC)模型估算中国分县农田土壤碳库及其变化量的基础上,分析中国分省农田土壤碳库的饱和水平,估算各省市自治区农田土壤的固碳潜力,比较旱田与水田固碳能力的差异。结果表明:笔者所得到的中国农田土壤碳库的饱和水平可代表在1990年的土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下农田土壤经过耕种后所能达到的碳含量的平衡值,为农田选择土地利用方式、耕作栽培措施和施肥方式以固定更多的碳素提供依据。在分布上,中国农田土壤碳库的饱和水平以华北地区较低,以华北地区为中心向外呈辐射状递增。在1990年的土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下,中国农田土壤的固碳潜力为-0.969 Pg。从单位面积的固碳潜力看,以西藏自治区最高,黑龙江省最低;从分布看,从南向北有逐渐递减的趋势。中国水田比旱田有更大的固碳能力。     

有机农业与常规农业对农田生物多样性影响的比较研究进展

一些研究者认为,有机农业不仅在理念上而且在实践上,都有助于促进农田生物多样性的维持和保护.为了促进我国科学界对有机农业与农田生物多样性关联性研究的关注,综述了有机农业对农田生态系统内杂草、地表节肢动物、土壤生物以及鸟类等不同生物类群种类、数量及其多样性的影响.     

贵阳市乌当区耕地土壤重金属污染现状及其评价

在对乌当区10乡镇耕地土壤进行全面调查的基础上，对土壤重金属污染现状进行了监测与初步评价，结果表明：该区域10乡镇耕地土壤5种重金属元素(Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As)的含量变幅较大；全区耕地土壤重金属污染综合评价处于警戒水平，多因子综合污染指数为0．78．其中，金华、朱昌两镇的耕地土壤已受到了重金属轻度污染，多因子综合污染指数分别为1．13、1．22，羊昌、新堡、下坝、东风、水田等5乡镇的耕地土壤处于警戒状态，新场、百宜、偏坡等3乡镇的土壤处于安全状态；Cd、Cr是该区耕地土壤的主要污染元素。     

Surface Consolidation of Pentelic Marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials - The Acropolis case (6 pp)

Goal and Scope In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones.Methods The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of ‘Inversion of sulfation’, performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, ‘Reinforced Lime’, in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm2) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress.Results A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the ‘Inversion of gypsum ‘ and the ‘Reinforced Lime’ were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries.Recommendation and Outlook All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.     

施肥对向日葵吸收积累Cd的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了不同施肥处理下(CK、N、NP、NPK) 3种向日葵品种(食用葵、观赏葵、油葵)对北方污染农田土壤镉(Cd)吸收和转运的影响.结果表明,施肥可显著提高观赏葵、油葵生物量及地上部Cd富集量,施NPK肥处理对植物促进效果最为显著.施NPK肥食用葵、观赏葵、油葵地上部Cd富集量分别可达6. 89、8. 92、6. 97 mg·kg~(-1),施肥处理显著提高了向日葵对Cd的富集能力,食用葵、观赏葵、油葵的富集系数(BCF)分别为2. 63(对照)～3. 10(NPK)、2. 80(对照)～4. 02(NPK)、2. 11(对照)～3. 14(NPK).对向日葵叶片亚细胞结构中Cd分布研究发现,将吸收的Cd富集在金属富集颗粒和细胞碎屑中是向日葵耐受Cd胁迫的主要解毒机制.综上所述,向日葵可作为Cd污染土壤的植物修复材料,合理施用NPK肥可明显提高植物对土壤Cd的修复效率.     

退耕植茶对川西低山丘陵区土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

为探讨退耕植茶对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,选取退耕2~3年(RT 2~3)、9~10年(RT 9~10)和16~17年(RT 16~17)的茶园为研究对象,以邻近撂荒地为对照(CK),测定其土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、可矿化有机碳(MOC)含量,并分析其分配比例随退耕植茶年限推移的变化.结果表明,POC、MBC和WSOC对退耕植茶的响应较为一致,与对照相比,退耕植茶初期(RT 2~3),各组分含量均降低,但随着植茶时间的推移,各组分含量逐渐增加,在植茶9~10或16~17年后显著高于撂荒地;退耕植茶后MOC含量显著降低,总体表现为CKRT 16~17RT 9~10RT 2~3,0~10 cm土层,RT 2~3、RT 9~10和RT 16~17土壤MOC含量分别较对照显著下降35.25%、23.89%和16.87%,10~20 cm土层中分别下降32.31%、13.09%和23.22%,20~40 cm土层中分别下降36.43%、28.79%和30.76%.植茶后,土壤活性有机碳在总有机碳中的比例整体现为0~10 cm高于20~40 cm,相较于表层土壤,深层土壤碳库的稳定性更强.退耕植茶有利于土壤肥力的保持,对提升土壤有机质水平起到积极作用,且随植茶时间的推移,土壤对碳的固持作用增强,土壤质量得到提升.