大口径高温高压管道下沉分析

以某电厂的主蒸汽管道为例,对其支吊架进行冷、热态检验,发现炉侧连续恒力吊架冷态时指针卡死下极限位置,热态时实际垂直热位移值较小,与设计严重不符。根据现场情况和应力计算结果综合分析,发现管道壁厚存在严重误差导致管道下沉。针对以上情况,首次提出了支吊架配置改造方案需要考虑的4个方面,给解决此类问题提供帮助。     

Decomposition of Al13 promoted by salicylic acid under acidic condition: Mechanism study by differential mass spectrometry method and DFT calculation

Decomposition of the polycation Al₁₃O₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂⁷⁺ (Al₁₃) promoted by ligand is a vital subject to advance our understanding of natural and artificial occurrence and evolution of aluminum ions, especially in the case of acidic condition that dissolved Al³⁺ species can be released from the Al-bearing substances. However, the microscopic pathway of synchronous proton-promoted and ligand-promoted decomposition process for Al₁₃ is still in the status of ambiguity. Herein, we applied differential mass spectrometry method and DFT calculation to study the initial detailed process of Al₁₃ decomposition under the presence of proton and salicylic acid (H₂Sal). Mass results showed that the mononuclear Al³⁺-H₂Sal complexes dominated the resulting Al species, whereas the monodentate complex Al₁₃HSal⁶⁺ was not observed in the spectra. The difference of decomposition levels between the ligand/Al ratio 0.2 and 0.5 cases revealed that proton and ligand performed synergistic effect in initial Al₁₃ decomposition process, and the proton transfer determined the ring closure efficiency. The ring closure reaction is the prerequisite for the collapse of Al₁₃ structure and detachment of the mononuclear complex. DFT calculations reveal that hydrogen bond plays an important role in inducing the formation of chelated complex accompanying proton transfer. Attachment of protons at the bridging OH⁻ can elongate and weaken the critical bond between targeted Al³⁺ and µ₄-O^2- resulting from delocalization of electron pairs in the oxygen atom. These results demonstrate the detailed mechanism of Al₁₃ composition promoted by ligand and proton, and provide significant understanding for further application and control of Al₁₃.     

矿井通风网路的线性解算法及其程序设计

针对“京大二试算法”存在的不足——当已知矿井总风量时,“京大二试算法”的迭代格式是错误的,解算出的风量分配不合理,提出了矿井通风网络线性算法的数学模型.该通风网络算法是将支路特性方程变换为线性关系,则风网回路方程被线性化,就可以应用线性逼近法求解.该算法弥补了“京大二试算法”的缺陷,当已知矿井总风量时,解算出的风量值更接近真值,结果更加精确.介绍了线性算法数学模型的迭代格式及迭代精度问题,并编制了该线性算法的Matlab程序,程序简单,节省计算时间,给出了算法原理,并以实例进行计算,得到了令人满意的结果.     

基于修正A值法估算西安市大气环境容量研究

采用以单箱模型法为基础的A值法对西安市大气容量进行估算,并将干沉降、湿沉降和化学转化三个消除过程引入模型测算中,借鉴国内外对于大气常规污染物的清除系数的科学研究成果,对研究区域的SO2、NO2、PM10及PM2.5等4项常规污染物的环境容量进行估算。结果表明,执行2012年新的环境质量标准下,西安市SO2、NO2、PM10及PM2.5大气环境容量分别为13.86×104吨/年,9.24×104吨/年、1.62×105吨/年及8.09×104吨/年。     

离子色谱法快速分析污水中的无机阴离子研究

采用Dionex ICS-900型离子色谱仪对污水中氟离子、氯离子、亚硝酸根离子、硝酸根离子、硫酸根离子等五种阴离子进行测定。在戴安公司提供的色谱条件的基础上,对其进行了修改和改进,实验对淋洗液组分、浓度和流速进行了筛选,使方法的分析效能大大提高,达到了快速分析的要求。按改进后的色谱条件,五种阴离子的分离度达到了3.06,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于1.533%。并且,对有标准值的样品进行质量控制考核,结果表明各离子的测定结果均在考核范围之内。     

液化石油气火灾爆炸环境风险后果影响分析研究

研究以液化石油气火灾/爆炸事故为对象,通过TNT当量系数法和BLEVE火球热辐射模型法计算分析,结果表明：（1）火灾爆炸事故的危害后果一般随距离增加而降低;（2）沸腾液体扩展蒸汽云爆炸（BLEVE）的事故后果比蒸汽云爆炸（VCE）严重;（3）危险物质泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故的环境风险后果计算可以采用这两种方法,同时其计算结果能为环境突发事件应急管理和决策提供基础数据.     

Characterization of primary precipitate composition formed during co-removal of Cr(VI) with Cu(II) in synthetic wastewater

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] cannot react with either carbonate or hydroxide to form chromium precipitates. However, by using a precipitation technology to treat plating wastewater containing Cr(VI), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II), approximately 78% of Cr(VI) (initial 60 mg/L) was co-removed with the precipitation of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) (each 150 mg/L) by dosing with Na2CO3 (Sun 2003). Direct precipitation by forming Cu(II)-Cr(VI) precipitates followed by adsorption of Cr(VI) onto freshly formed Cu-precipitates was subsequently found to be the main mechanism(s) involved in Cr(VI) co-removal with Cu(II) precipitation by dosing Na2CO3 stepwise to various pH values (Sun et al. 2003). This study was. carried out to further characterize the formation of primary precipitates during the early stages of copper precipitation and simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) with Cu(II). METHODS: Test metal-solutions were prepared with industrial grade chemicals: CuCl2 x 2H2O, Na2SO4 and K2Cr2207. NaCO3 was added drop-wise to synthetic metal-solution to progressively increase pH. For each pH increment, removal of soluble metals was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and surface morphology of precipitates was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). To further characterize the formation of primary precipitates, a series of MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculations/analyses and equilibrium calculations/ analyses were conducted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculation indicated that, for a system containing 150 mg/L Cu(II) and 60 mg/L Cr(VI) with gradual Na2CO3 dosing, if any precipitates can be formed at pH 5.0 or lower, it should be in the form of CuCrO4. Comparison tests using systems containing the same equivalent of Cu(II) plus Cr(VI) and Cu(II) plus SO4(2-) showed that the precipitation occurred at a pH of around 5.0 in the Cu(II)-Cr(VI) system and around 6.0 in the Cu(II)-SO4(2-) system. The discrepancy of the precipitation was indeed caused by the formation of Cu-Cr precipitates. The initiation of copper removal at pH around 5.0 for the Cu-Cr co-removal test was not attributable to the formation of Cu-CO3 precipitates, instead, it was most likely through the formation of insoluble Cu-Cr precipitates, such as CuCrO4 and CuCrO4 x 2Cu(OH)2. Experimental tests, equilibrium calculations, MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculations and surface morphologies for systems using higher concentrations of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) further verified the most probable composition of primary precipitates is copper-chromate. CONCLUSION: In the Cu-Cr co-removal test with Na2O3 dosing to increase pH and induce metal precipitation, copper-chromate precipitates are the primary precipitates produced and contribute to the initial simultaneous removal of copper and chromium.     

油田联合站沉降罐小呼吸损耗核算

利用美国石油协会(API)小呼吸损耗核算新公式对国内某油田4个联合站的采出液沉降罐进行了小呼吸损耗核算,并与实测数据进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,API的核算值与实测值的差别较大,相对误差可达90%以上,原因是国内油田采出液沉降罐的现场工况与API公式的模拟条件差别较大。在数据分析的基础上引入平均液体表面温度和平均气体流速两个影响因子对上述公式进行了修正,并利用修正后的公式对另外两个联合站的沉降罐进行了小呼吸损耗核算,核算结果的相对误差降至10%以下。     

CODcr快速测试法的探索

本文探索了CODcr的快速测试法，结果表明，采用简易的火焰加热消化法测定CODcr是可行的。该法所用的仪器设备简单；操作方便，快速，回收率高，特别适用于现场及简易实验室。     

GM（1,1）模型简化算法及其在噪声影响预测中的应用

对ＧＭ（１，１）模型经差分形式化及令定写成直线方程形式。据最小二乘法原理，原方程的参数辨识可借助线性回归方法来实现。从而使ＧＭ（１，１）模型的应用更显普及和实用化。