Mitomycin C induced chromosome damage in fetal blood cultures and prenatal diagnosis of fanconi's anaemia

We report the use of fetal blood for the prenatal diagnosis of Fanconi anaemia (FA). The clastogenic action of Mitomycin C (MMC) is compared in blood cultures from different fetuses, normal controls and FA heterozygotes. The fetus at risk is shown to suffer from FA on the grounds of excessive chromosome breakage, both spontaneous and MMC induced.     

A dental stool with chest support reduces lower back muscle activation

Activation of back musculature during work tasks leads to fatigue and potential injury. This is especially prevalent in dentists who perform much of their work from a seated position. We examined the use of an ergonomic dental stool with mid-sternum chest support for reducing lower back muscle activation. Electromyography of lower back extensors was assessed from 30 dental students for 20?s during three conditions in random order: (a) sitting upright at 90° of hip flexion on a standard stool, (b) leaning forward at 80° of hip flexion on a standard stool, and (c) leaning forward at 80° of hip flexion while sitting on an ergonomic stool. Muscular activity of the back extensors was reduced when using the ergonomic stool compared to the standard stool, by 33–50% (p?相似文献   

Child passengers and driver culpability in fatal crashes by driver gender

Objective: Studies based on accident statistics generally suggest that the presence of a passenger reduces adult drivers' accident risk. However, passengers have been reported to be a source of distraction in a remarkable portion of distraction-related crashes. Although the effect of passengers on driving performance has been studied extensively, few studies have focused on how a child passenger affects the driver.

?A child in a car is a potential distractor for parents, especially for mothers of small children, who often suffer from sleep deficit. The aim of this study was to examine how the presence of child passengers of different ages is associated with a higher driver culpability, which was expected due to child-related distraction and fatigue.

Methods: The analysis was based on the comprehensive data of fatal crashes studied in-depth by multidisciplinary road accident investigation teams in Finland during 1988–2012. Teams determine the primary party who had the most crucial effect on the origin of the event. We define the primary party as culpable and the others involved as nonculpable drivers. The culpability rate was defined as the percentage of culpable drivers and rates were compared for drivers with a child/teen passenger aged 0–17 years (N = 348), with an adult passenger without children (N = 324), and when driving alone (N = 579), grouped by child age and driver gender.

?Drivers with specific risk-related behavior (substantial speeding, driving when intoxicated, unbelted, or without a license) were excluded from the analyses, in order to make the drivers with and without children comparable. Only drivers 26–47 years old were included, representing parents with children 0–9 years of age.

Results: Male drivers were less often culpable with 0- to 17-year-old passengers in the car than alone or with adults. This was not the case with female drivers. The gender difference in culpability was most marked with small children age 0–4 years. Female drivers' culpability rate with a 0- to 4-year-old child passenger was higher and male drivers' culpability rate was lower compared to drivers without passengers or with only adult passengers.

Conclusion: The results indicate that female drivers are at higher risk of crashes than male drivers when driving with small children. Further research is needed to replicate this finding and to determine causal mechanisms.     

Tests appropriate for the prenatal diagnosis of ataxia telangiectasia

A fetus ‘at-risk’ for ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) was monitored prenatally by several approaches which, in concert, might yield information of diagnostic value: measurement of amniotic fluid AFP levels; the clastogenic potential of ‘at-risk’ amniotic fluid; and cytogenic evaluation of fetal amniocytes. All three parameters proved negative and normality, based primarily on the chromosomal study of fetal cells, was therefore presumed. This conclusion was confirmed shortly after birth by normal serum AFP levels and the lack of increased spontaneous or clastogen-induced chromosome breakage in the infant's cells. Based on previous observations from four normal and one affected fetus, the coordination of these techniques provides adequate methodology for the antenatal assessment of the phenotypes associated with A-T.     

航空铝合金材料微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命研究

以断裂力学为基础,根据复合型裂纹断裂判据建立了LY12CZ铝合金材料微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型,确定了模型中的参数,通过预测寿命与试验值的对比验证了该模型的正确、有效性。研究结果表明,微动疲劳裂纹形成阶段比较快,其寿命只占整个疲劳寿命的20%～25%,结构失效所消耗的时间主要在裂纹扩展阶段。     

预腐蚀LD2铝合金腐蚀坑向裂纹转化研究

本文主要研究微结构对于腐蚀坑的生长,腐蚀坑向裂纹的转化过程,以及导致最终断裂的主导有效裂纹。对于两种厚度的LD2铝合金试件在3.5%NaCl溶液中进行了腐蚀疲劳试验。试验结构表明微结构对于腐蚀坑向裂纹的转化过程以及疲劳裂纹扩展具有重要影响。     

An exploratory study of the effect of high and low fascination environments on attentional fatigue

According to attention restoration theory attentional fatigue can be renewed in environments where fascinating stimuli are present as they evoke effortless attention and allow directed attention to rest and be restored. The present study hypothesizes that performing an attention-orienting task in a state of attentional fatigue costs less in a high fascination than in a low fascination condition. In the former attentional shifts are expected to be facilitated because one can function in the involuntary mode. The high fascination condition is also expected to facilitate attention in the coding process and therefore to affect the likelihood of stimulus material to be remembered. To this end 31 subjects were mentally fatigued by performing a sustained attention test. Then they performed an ad hoc attention-orienting task inspired by Posner's paradigm and applied to 40 photographs of environments already assessed for their fascination value. Finally they performed an incidental memory task. As expected, only in the high fascination condition did participants show a significant benefit (reaction time reduction) in shifting attention between trials. The role of fascination on recall is less clear since it interacts with the naturalness of the scene.     

随机振动试验加速因子的计算方法

在已知随机振动加速度功率谱密度的条件下通过建立失效物理模型的方法推导了在随机振动试验中计算加速因子常用的逆幂率模型;同时总结了其他计算随机载荷疲劳寿命的方法,说明了使用其他模型计算加速因子是可行的。     

参数对2A12铝合金微动疲劳局部塑性影响分析

目的研究局部塑性对微动疲劳的影响。方法建立2A12铝合金圆柱/平面微动疲劳有限元模型,考虑塑性作用进行有限元分析,研究微动疲劳参数对局部塑性的影响。结果局部塑性变形发生在试件表面或次表面,最大等效塑性变形随着微动垫半径的减小而增大。随着轴向应力的增加,最大切向应力增加;随着摩擦系数的增加,剪应力的最大值急剧增加,粘着区增加,滑移区减小,但摩擦系数对整个接触区的大小没有影响。结论微动疲劳参数对局部塑性有一定的影响。     

海洋环境下飞机结构腐蚀疲劳研究现状

介绍了海洋环境下飞机结构腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳的国内外研究现状,重点阐述了服役环境编谱技术、加速腐蚀试验研究、腐蚀防护体系有效性验证、腐蚀损伤评估及疲劳寿命预估技术等几个关键技术问题,并预测了发展趋势。