Detecting fatigue in car drivers and aircraft pilots by using non-invasive measures: The value of differentiation of sleepiness and mental fatigue

Introduction: Fatigue is one of the most crucial factors that contribute to a decrease of the operating performance of aircraft pilots and car drivers and, as such, plays a dangerous role in transport safety. To reduce fatigue-related tragedies and to increase the quality of a healthy life, many studies have focused on exploring effective methods and psychophysiological indicators for detecting and monitoring fatigue. However, those fatigue indicators rose many discrepancies among simulator and field studies, due to the vague conceptualism of fatigue, per se, which hinders the development of fatigue monitoring devices. Method: This paper aims to give psychological insight of the existing non-invasive measures for driver and pilot fatigue by differentiating sleepiness and mental fatigue. Such a study helps to improve research results for a wide range of researchers whose interests lie in the development of in-vehicle fatigue detection devices. First, the nature of fatigue for drivers/pilots is elucidated regarding fatigue types and fatigue responses, which reshapes our understanding of the fatigue issue in the transport industry. Secondly, the widely used objective neurophysiological methods, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), and electrocardiography (ECG), physical movement-based methods, vehicle-based methods, fitness-for-duty test as well as subjective methods (self-rating scales) are introduced. On the one hand, considering the difference between mental fatigue and sleepiness effects, the links between the objective and subjective indicators and fatigue are thoroughly investigated and reviewed. On the other hand, to better determine fatigue occurrence, a new combination of measures is recommended, as a single measure is not sufficient to yield a convincing benchmark of fatigue. Finally, since video-based techniques of measuring eye metrics offer a promising and practical method for monitoring operator fatigue, the relationship between fatigue and these eye metrics, that include blink-based, pupil-based, and saccade-based features, are also discussed. To realize a pragmatic fatigue detector for operators in the future, this paper concludes with a discussion on the future directions in terms of methodology of conducting operator fatigue research and fatigue analysis by using eye-related parameters.     

基于疲劳原理探究超(超)临界电站锅炉减温器失效模式

本文总结介绍了常见炉型超(超)临界电站锅炉减温器的布置方式和结构形式,并以上海锅炉厂生产的SG-3005/29.3-M7008型超超临界锅炉再热器微量喷水减温器为例,基于水汽温差作用下产生的热疲劳和蒸汽高速冲刷产生的机械振动疲劳原理,探究总结了喷水减温器的失效模式,并提出了设计、制造安装、运行及检验建议.     

基于复杂网络的台风灾害演化系统风险分析与控制研究

基于复杂网络理论,提出了一种针对自然灾害演化系统的风险分析与控制的思路与方法。以"莫拉克"台风为例,构建了包含30个危机事件与39条连接边的台风网络演化模型;采用网络节点的出入度、子网节点数和包含节点的支链数进行风险分析,并确定关键节点,进一步提出断链方案和控制建议。结果表明:狂风、暴雨、洪水、山体滑坡、泥石流、交通堵塞和村庄毁坏等事件风险较大,是台风灾害系统的关键节点。据此提出建议:提高城市排水系统运行能力,加强交通系统监管和调度力度,启动农村人员安置和灾后重建预案。     

氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程絮体形成进行监测,探求了操作条件对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响;同时讨论了FI值和浊度去除的关系。结果表明,当浊度分别为5、10和20 NTU时,最佳投加量分别为21.6、14.4和3.6 mg/L;随着pH的升高,FI指数增大,同时混凝剂的最佳投加量也逐步减小;随着慢速搅拌转速的增大,絮体破碎过程明显,FI指数降低;当转速为60 r/min时,浊度去除率最高。     

危机管理与员工疲劳预防

笔者通过课题小组所做的调查统计以及国内几家知名咨询公司发布的统计结果,强调员工工作疲劳问题的普遍性和严重性。在分析其原因及危害的基础上,论述国家及企业应从危机管理紧迫性的高度,实施带有战略性、系统性和全局性的员工工作疲劳防范对策;并为研究和预防疲劳提出包括借鉴日本疲劳研究经验在内的几点建议。同时呼吁:政府应采取必要措施,在提高国民健康素质、减少"疲劳"或"过劳"人群、遏制"过劳死"现象的频发方面发挥主导作用。     

An exploratory study of the effect of high and low fascination environments on attentional fatigue

According to attention restoration theory attentional fatigue can be renewed in environments where fascinating stimuli are present as they evoke effortless attention and allow directed attention to rest and be restored. The present study hypothesizes that performing an attention-orienting task in a state of attentional fatigue costs less in a high fascination than in a low fascination condition. In the former attentional shifts are expected to be facilitated because one can function in the involuntary mode. The high fascination condition is also expected to facilitate attention in the coding process and therefore to affect the likelihood of stimulus material to be remembered. To this end 31 subjects were mentally fatigued by performing a sustained attention test. Then they performed an ad hoc attention-orienting task inspired by Posner's paradigm and applied to 40 photographs of environments already assessed for their fascination value. Finally they performed an incidental memory task. As expected, only in the high fascination condition did participants show a significant benefit (reaction time reduction) in shifting attention between trials. The role of fascination on recall is less clear since it interacts with the naturalness of the scene.     

汽车驾驶员驾驶疲劳监测技术研究进展

当今驾驶疲劳已成为引发交通事故的主要原因，但由于其形成原因复杂，监测技术和手段都还不成熟。驾驶疲劳客观监测技术是目前研究的热点，主要包括对驾驶员脑电图、心电图、眼睑眨动、头部运动轨迹、方向盘的运动、车辆行驶方向等的监测技术。由于上述监测技术都存在一定的局限性，因此，笔者认为，今后的研究应该从以下4个方面着手进行：①研制非接触性高灵敏度传感器；②寻求新的监测指标和方法；③将多传感器信息融合技术应用于监测技术中；④研制高性价比的监测装置。     

随机振动试验加速因子的计算方法

在已知随机振动加速度功率谱密度的条件下通过建立失效物理模型的方法推导了在随机振动试验中计算加速因子常用的逆幂率模型;同时总结了其他计算随机载荷疲劳寿命的方法,说明了使用其他模型计算加速因子是可行的。     

2A12铝合金微动疲劳全寿命预测方法研究

目的对于2A12铝合金,提出基于成核寿命和扩展寿命的微动疲劳全寿命预测方法。方法基于损伤力学法计算裂纹成核寿命,利用扩展有限元计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子,应用断裂力学计算裂纹扩展寿命,并对预测者和试验值进行比较。结果损伤力学法能考虑接触面应力三维度的作用来反映多轴状态作用,能有效模拟微动疲劳多轴行为。基于损伤力学法的微动疲劳全寿命预测模型能有效预测微动疲劳全寿命。由于微动作用,裂纹成核非常早,扩展寿命从试件的近表面开始,占全寿命的主要部分。结论考虑成核寿命和扩展寿命的微动疲劳全寿命分析是完善的,预测值与试验值比较吻合。     

不同表面状态2024-T3铝合金腐蚀行为及DFR退化规律

目的研究阳极氧化膜破损的航空铝合金试件在实验室加速腐蚀条件下的腐蚀行为和疲劳性能退化规律,并和阳极氧化膜完好的试件进行对比。方法以不同表面状态的2024-T3铝合金试件为研究对象,进行不同时长的实验室加速腐蚀试验和与加速腐蚀后的DFR试验。通过观察腐蚀形貌,测量腐蚀坑深度和孔蚀率来观测腐蚀行为,通过计算腐蚀后的DFR来研究DFR退化规律。结果阳极氧化膜完好、破损的2024-T3铝合金试件分别在加速腐蚀180、36 h后出现点蚀坑,平均点蚀坑深度与加速腐蚀时间符合幂函数关系。试件在实验室加速腐蚀条件下,DFR的退化规律符合指数函数关系。结论与阳极氧化膜完好试件相比,阳极氧化膜破损会导致2024-T3铝合金试件的耐腐蚀性降低,加速试件疲劳性能退化的速率。