腐蚀条件下起落架机轮半轴疲劳寿命研究

通过某型飞机起落架机轮半轴模拟件在加速试验环境谱下预腐蚀不同时间后进行的载荷谱疲劳试验．获得了地面停放腐蚀影响系数随地面停放年限的变化曲线（即C-T曲线）。针对构成空中局部环境谱的各主要环境因素作用下的载荷谱疲劳寿命试验,研究了各单一介质对疲劳寿命的影响,并按百分比加权组合的方法获得了空中腐蚀疲劳影响系数K。     

不同浓度甲醛致小鼠肾细胞DNA损伤效应研究

为了探讨甲醛导致生物机体内的DNA损伤效应及其剂量-效应关系,通过不同浓度的液态甲醛对小鼠肾细胞进行染毒,并分别运用了单细胞凝胶电泳实验、荧光检测法实验和KCl-SDS沉淀法实验进行研究.结果显示,甲醛在低浓度(5μmol·L-1)时,具有致DNA断裂的作用;在中等浓度(25μmol·L-1)时,对DNA的损伤作用以DNA-DNA交联为主;在高浓度(125、625μmol·L-1)时,对DNA的损伤作用以DNA-蛋白质交联为主.     

平贮ZL205A铝合金微观缺陷与宏观力学性能关系研究

目的 评估长期贮存ZL205A铝合金的微观缺陷对性能的影响。方法 利用X射线无损检测研究平贮合金的缺陷等级分布,并进一步研究合金室温拉伸、高温拉伸、室温疲劳和室温冲击性能。结果 经过平贮12 a后的ZL205A铝合金,其微观缺陷即针孔等级位于1～6级,仅发现少量的伴生带状偏析。室温拉伸时,1～3级针孔样品的抗拉强度为380MPa,而5级针孔样品的抗拉强度大幅下降到340.5 MPa,表明室温下4级及以上针孔对于拉伸强度有着重要影响。高温拉伸时,仅在100℃表现为样品缺陷等级越高,抗拉强度越高的趋势。常温疲劳试验表明,在10⁷周的寿命下,合金的疲劳极限为99.2 MPa。常温冲击试验发现,1级针孔样品的平均冲击吸收能量为3.19J,明显优于其他针孔等级样品。结论 室温拉伸和室温冲击时,材料的力学性能与缺陷等级密切相关。高温拉伸时,温度上升导致材料强度下降的作用超过了缺陷自身对性能的影响。     

基于DFR的2024-T3铝合金当量加速关系试验研究

目的 提出以反映结构材料疲劳性能的DFR为表征参量,研究建立2024-T3铝合金结构在大气自然环境预腐蚀与实验室加速试验预腐蚀后的DFR关系,为腐蚀环境下飞机铝合金结构的疲劳寿命设计提供方法。方法 以2024-T3铝合金试验件为研究对象,分别开展典型海洋大气环境自然暴露腐蚀后的DFR试验以及实验室加速腐蚀试验后的DFR试验,以DFR相等为条件,建立上述2种不同预腐蚀条件之间的DFR当量加速关系。结果 2024-T3铝合金在自然暴露预腐蚀环境与实验室加速预腐蚀后的DFR值随腐蚀时间的增加均有不同程度的下降,万宁和青岛的DFR当量加速值分别为0.642 1、0.701 2 a/d。结论 基于DFR的当量加速关系综合反映了预腐蚀对结构材料疲劳性能退化的影响,而DFR是飞机结构疲劳设计的基本参量,文中建立的当量加速关系可用于指导腐蚀环境下铝合金的疲劳寿命设计分析。     

一种连接器振动故障分析

目的 分析得出轴向弹性触碰式连接器内导体失效的主要原因。方法 以某机载电子模块的连接器在功能振动试验后出现的故障为研究对象,对其进行目测检查、随机振动仿真分析和受力分析,定位故障原因,随后结合应力应变关系公式、高斯区间法和Miner累积损伤定律,推导内导体的疲劳寿命计算公式。结果计算得到内导体自身的振动响应应力仅为0.26 MPa,不足以产生疲劳破坏,但在振动激励下,连接器随模块的振动位移较大,超出了连接器的间隙容差范围,致使受压的内导体端面出现较大的往复动摩擦力,而摩擦力引起内导体根部的应力（250.13 MPa）超过了材料的疲劳极限,内导体有疲劳断裂的风险。进一步计算出内导体的振动疲劳寿命为0.67 h,小于功能振动试验时间,证实是振动位移引起的摩擦导致了内导体的疲劳断裂。结论 轴向弹性触碰式连接器必须要重视摩擦力的危害,提高模块的安装刚度,可以有效地提高连接器的可靠性。     

Recovery from work‐related effort: A meta‐analysis

This meta‐analytic study examines the antecedents and outcomes of four recovery experiences: psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control. Using 299 effect sizes from 54 independent samples (N = 26,592), we extend theory by integrating recovery experiences into the challenge–hindrance framework, creating a more comprehensive understanding of how both after‐work recovery and work characteristics collectively relate to well‐being. The results of meta‐analytic path estimates indicate that challenge demands have stronger negative relationships with psychological detachment, relaxation, and control recovery experiences than hindrance demands, and job resources have positive relationships with relaxation, mastery, and control recovery experiences. Psychological detachment after work has a stronger negative relationship with fatigue than relaxation or control experiences, whereas control experiences after work have a stronger positive relationship with vigor than detachment or relaxation experiences. Additionally, a temporally driven model with recovery experiences as a partial mediator explains up to 62% more variance in outcomes (ΔR² = .12) beyond work characteristics models, implying that both work characteristics and after‐work recovery play an important role in determining employee well‐being.     

Myoelectric manifestation of muscle fatigue in repetitive work detected by means of miniaturized sEMG sensors

Upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders have a 12-month prevalence ranging from 12 to 41% worldwide and can be partly caused by handling low loads at high frequency. The association between the myoelectric manifestation of elbow flexor muscle fatigue and occupational physical demand has never been investigated. It was hypothesized that an elbow flexor muscle fatigue index could be a valid risk indicator in handling low loads at high frequency. This study aims to measure the myoelectric manifestation of muscle fatigue of the three elbow flexor muscles during the execution of the work tasks in different risk conditions. Fifteen right-handed healthy adults were screened using a movement analysis laboratory consisting of optoelectronic, dynamometer and surface electromyographic systems. The main result indicates that the fatigue index calculated from the brachioradialis is sensitive to the interaction among risk classes, session and gender, and above all it is sensitive to the risk classes.     

Medical investigation after a motorcoach strikes the rear of a tractor semitrailer parked on the highway; 13 fatal

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the medical conditions of 2 commercial drivers and the effects of physical barriers to occupant egress in a crash involving a tractor trailer and a motorcoach in order to assess and identify the factors that caused the crash and had a significant effect on occupant extrication.

Methods: Physical evidence from the scene, video evidence, commercial driver information, phone records, toxicology findings, autopsy results, and personal medical information were reviewed.

Results: On October 23, 2016, at 5:16 a.m., a motorcoach carrying a driver and 42 passengers struck the rear of a stopped semitrailer occupied by its driver in the center-right lane of Interstate 10 at highway speed outside Palm Springs, California. The motorcoach driver and 12 passengers died; 11 passengers were seriously injured.

All traffic had been stopped on I-10 early that morning to allow electrical lines to be strung over the highway. Security camera footage showed that the truck arrived at the end of a traffic queue 2?min before traffic flow resumed. Physical evidence indicated that the truck’s parking brake was still engaged at the time of the collision about 2?min later. The truck driver had a body mass index (BMI) between 45.6 and 50?kg/m², which placed him at very high risk of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea; he also inaccurately recalled that he had been stopped for 20–25?min and had placed the vehicle in gear just before the collision.

The motorcoach driver was on the return leg of an overnight trip to a casino. Based on his phone records, known driving time, and security camera footage, at the time of the collision he had had 4?h of sleep opportunity in the preceding 35?h. There was no evidence that the motorcoach driver attempted any evasive action before the collision. In addition, postmortem testing revealed a hemoglobin A1C of 11.4%, indicating poorly controlled diabetes; this was apparently undiagnosed prior to the crash.

The motorcoach was equipped with a single loading door at the front of the vehicle; it was rendered inoperable by the collision. Emergency egress was initially carried out through the emergency exit windows, but they repeatedly swung shut, impeding passengers’ efforts to exit. Emergency responders eventually cut open the bus wall to create a larger means of egress. Overall, it took almost 3?h to extricate the occupants from the vehicle.

Conclusions: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the accident was the truck driver’s falling asleep, most likely due to undiagnosed moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea, and the motorcoach driver’s failure to identify the stopped truck as a hazard requiring evasive action, most likely as the result of fatigue. Additional easy-to-use emergency exits would have decreased the time to extricate the occupants.     

低温环境下桥梁用结构钢疲劳寿命估算方法

在现有研究成果的基础上,基于断裂力学理论提出了适用于桥梁结构钢的低温疲劳寿命估算方法。利用室温环境下的疲劳性能参数和低温环境的基本力学性能参数对低温环境下的疲劳极限、疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值等进行预测,建立疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型,应用等效初始裂纹法估算低温环境下桥梁钢的疲劳寿命,并通过塑性区裂纹尺寸修正进行低周疲劳寿命预测。通过算例表明,该方法能够较为准确的预测Q345qD钢试件的拉伸疲劳寿命,从而避免了成本高昂的低温疲劳试验,为钢结构桥梁的低温疲劳分析提供简便而实用的依据。     

几种油气输送管材料的疲劳特性与管道寿命预测

针对油气输送管道的疲劳问题,选择管道工程中常用的螺旋缝埋弧焊管(SSAW)、高频电阻焊管(ERW)和直缝埋弧焊管(UOE)3种材料采用小试样对不同区域(管体、焊缝、热影响区)的疲劳裂纹扩展特性进行测试与对比研究.同时,采用自行研制的油气输送管全尺寸实物疲劳试验系统对含裂纹类缺陷的X60 SSAW焊管进行了水压实物疲劳试验,对含表面裂纹缺陷的输送管在承受内压疲劳载荷下表面裂纹的扩展规律进行了探索研究.建立了小试验疲劳试验与管道实物疲劳试验结果的相关性.该研究结果为管道的抗疲劳设计与评价、在役管道疲劳寿命的预测和检测周期的确定提供了依据.