Utilization of silica fume in concrete: Review of hardened properties

Several types of industrial byproducts are generated. With increased environmental awareness and its potential hazardous effects, utilization of industrial byproducts has become an attractive alternative to disposal. One such by-product is silica fume (SF), which is a byproduct of the smelting process in the silicon and ferrosilicon industry. Silica fume is very effective in the design and development of high strength high performance concrete.This paper covers the physical, chemical properties of silica fume, and its reaction mechanism. It deals with the effect of silica fume on the workability, porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, creep and shrinkage of concrete.     

消防射水对火灾后高性能混凝土剩余抗压强度的影响

对火灾后消防射水对高性能混凝土(HPC)剩余抗压强度的影响进行了研究。分析了在不同温度、不同冷却方式条件下,C40HPC剩余抗压强度的变化规律,并利用ORIGIN 7.5软件,拟合了高温作用后HPC剩余抗压强度与温度之间的关系。研究表明:消防射水对高温作用后的HPC的剩余抗压强度的影响很大,射水冷却后的HPC剩余抗压强度明显低于自然冷却后的剩余抗压强度;随着破坏温度的升高,经消防射水冷却的HPC剩余抗压强度呈衰减状态。最后,建立了自然冷却及消防射水冷却条件下,C40HPC剩余强度与火场温度之间的二元回归曲线公式。     

Using Ecological Function to Develop Recovery Criteria for Depleted Species: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in the Aleutian Archipelago

Abstract: Recovery criteria for depleted species or populations normally are based on demographic measures, the goal being to maintain enough individuals over a sufficiently large area to assure a socially tolerable risk of future extinction. Such demographically based recovery criteria may be insufficient to restore the functional roles of strongly interacting species. We explored the idea of developing a recovery criterion for sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in the Aleutian archipelago on the basis of their keystone role in kelp forest ecosystems. We surveyed sea otters and rocky reef habitats at 34 island‐time combinations. The system nearly always existed in either a kelp‐dominated or deforested phase state, which was predictable from sea otter density. We used a resampling analysis of these data to show that the phase state at any particular island can be determined at 95% probability of correct classification with information from as few as six sites. When sea otter population status (and thus the phase state of the kelp forest) was allowed to vary randomly among islands, just 15 islands had to be sampled to estimate the true proportion that were kelp dominated (within 10%) with 90% confidence. We conclude that kelp forest phase state is a more appropriate, sensitive, and cost‐effective measure of sea otter recovery than the more traditional demographically based metrics, and we suggest that similar approaches have broad potential utility in establishing recovery criteria for depleted populations of other functionally important species.     

固化剂对矿用充填泡沫固化行为的影响

为提高泡沫的充填堵漏风效果,选取有机强酸A,有机磺酸B,无机强酸C等3种固化剂,通过测定泡沫的发泡时间、发泡温度、承压强度和氧指数等参数,分析不同组合固化剂对矿用充填泡沫固化行为的影响。结果表明:乳化时间、起泡时间和表干时间随固化剂用量的增加而明显缩短;泡沫的发泡倍数和发泡温度随固化剂用量的增加而增加;单独使用有机强酸A或有机磺酸B时,泡沫都存在不同程度的收缩,当添加较高量的无机强酸C时,泡沫的尺寸稳定性变好。当复合固化剂有机强酸A用量∶有机磺酸B用量∶无机强酸C用量=1.2∶1∶1时,泡沫的固化效果最优。     

Moisture distribution in sludges based on different testing methods

Moisture distributions in municipal sewage sludge, printing and dyeing sludge and paper mill sludge were experimentally studied based on four different methods, i.e., drying test, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) test, thermogravimetricdifferential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test and water activity test. The results indicated that the moistures in the mechanically dewatered sludges were interstitial water, surface water and bound water. The interstitial water accounted for more than 50% wet basis (wb) of the total moisture content. The bond strength of sludge moisture increased with decreasing moisture content, especially when the moisture content was lower than 50% wb. Furthermore, the comparison among the four different testing methods was presented.The drying test was advantaged by its ability to quantify free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water; while TG-DSC test, TG-DTA test and water activity test were capable of determining the bond strength of moisture in sludge. It was found that the results from TG-DSC and TG-DTA test are more persuasive than water activity test.     

厌氧折流板反应器处理低浓度废水的运行特性研究

接种厌氧絮状污泥,采用厌氧折流板反应器在中温下进行了处理低浓度废水的试验研究.结果表明,厌氧折流板反应器有效去除了废水中的有机物,平均去除率稳定在80%以上;启动迅速,在35 d内完成,启动性能较EGSB优;水力负荷起着重要的作用;在提高负荷阶段的初期,反应器COD去除率有较大波动,随着负荷的加大,这一现象逐渐消失;在容积负荷小于2.15 kg COD/m3·d时,进水容积负荷与基质去除负荷率之间具有明显的线性正比关系;反应器的前面隔室对有机物的去除起到主要作用;在长期运行的处理低浓度废水的ABR反应器中存在产酸相和产甲烷相的自然分离现象.     

基于疲劳累积损伤等效理论的PCB板振动加速试验研究

目的建立小样本情况下,通过试验及仿真结合求解PCB板在随机振动激励下的振动加速因子的方法。方法以疲劳累计损伤等效为研究基础,以PCB板为研究对象,通过实验室的动力学环境模拟试验,在施加相同谱型不同量级的随机激励载荷下的振动加速因子,并通过采用试验数据对仿真局部模型修正的方法得出PCB板在随机振动激励载荷下的振动加速因子。结果通过试验数据与仿真计算结果的对比,两种方法得出的振动加速因子的误差在5%以内,满足工程实践精度要求。且进一步的证实了该方法的可行性。结论对于不同种类的PCB板在进行小样本摸底试验及随机振动仿真计算的前提下,确定电路板产品的薄弱位置,之后通过疲劳仿真计算局部的疲劳寿命便可以求得一定精度要求下的振动加速因子。     

Analysis of the influencing factors of PAEs volatilization from typical plastic products

The primary emphasis of this research was to investigate the foundations of phthalate(PAEs) pollutant source researches and then firstly confirmed the concept of the coefficient of volatile strength, namely phthalate total content in per unit mass and unit surface area of pollutant sources. Through surveying and evaluating the coefficient of volatile strength of PAEs from typical plastic products, this research carried out reasonable classification of PAEs pollutant sources into three categories and then investigated the relationship amongst the coefficient of volatile strength as well as other environmental factors and the concentration level of total PAEs in indoor air measured in environment chambers.Research obtained phthalate concentration results under different temperature, humidity,the coefficient of volatile strength and the closed time through the chamber experiment. In addition, this study further explored the correlation and ratio of influencing factors that affect the concentration level of total PAEs in environment chambers, including environmental factors, the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs and contents of total PAEs in plastic products. The research created an improved database system of phthalate the coefficient of volatile strengths of each type of plastic goods, and tentatively revealed that the volatile patterns of PAEs from different typical plastic goods, finally confirmed that the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs is a major factor that affects the indoor air total PAEs concentration, which laid a solid foundation for further establishing the volatile equation of PAEs from plastic products.     

Sustainable green technology on wastewater treatment: The evaluation of enhanced single chambered up-flow membrane-less microbial fuel cell

This study demonstrated the potential of single chamber up-flow membrane-less microbial fuel cell(UFML-MFC) in wastewater treatment and power generation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and enhance the performance under different operational conditions which affect the chemical oxygen demand(COD) reduction and power generation,including the increase of KCl concentration(MFC1) and COD concentration(MFC2). The results showed that the increase of KCl concentration is an important factor in up-flow membrane-less MFC to enhance the ease of electron transfer from anode to cathode. The increase of COD concentration in MFC2 could led to the drop of voltage output due to the prompt of biofilm growth in MFC2 cathode which could increase the internal resistance. It also showed that the COD concentration is a vital issue in up-flow membrane-less MFC.Despite the COD reduction was up to 96%, the power output remained constrained.     

结合虚拟迭代技术的整车级道路模拟试验方法

目的 提出一种基于试验场实采道路载荷谱,通过虚拟迭代技术修正台架试验动力学模型,从而实现多系统的“整车级”道路模拟试验的方法。方法 围绕台架关联试验场坏路,基于累积损伤模型、四点雨流计数法和模态分析展开研究,通过道路载荷谱的采集,预处理、压缩,在台架上复现零部件于整车上的运动姿态、失效形式与模态振型。最终完成以整车道路载荷谱为期望信号的台架迭代,以虚拟迭代为指导的模型修正,建立车辆道路时序信号与试验台架加载谱的相关性转化映射关系,执行基于液压伺服七轴试验台的多轴耐久试验,并实现以计算机模态分析、疲劳分析为指导的联合验证。结果 各零部件的试验结果为合格,与试验场一致。实现了多系统的同时验证,准确复现待测系统的运动姿态、失效形式及模态信号。结论 该试验方法建立起了整车级道路模拟试验标准,即通过虚拟迭代试验技术调整台架试验的动力学模型,为多系统道路模拟试验迭代不收敛的情况提出了解决方案。