频繁矿震下临近建筑物结构疲劳损伤及安全选址研究*

为科学规划并有效利用矿区及周边土地资源,以某铁矿爆破作业及临近拟建设项目为研究对象,现场开展振动监测并结合修正后的撒道夫斯基公式得出振动速度等参数;针对单次爆破振动情形,依据不同类型建筑物在寿命周期内可正常使用对应的振动速度,得出爆破振动安全允许距离;针对频繁爆破振动情形,采用ANSYS有限元建模分析频繁爆破振动下建筑物的力学响应。结果表明:单次爆破振动对建筑物影响较小,仅对精密科研设备的正常使用造成一定影响,长期爆破微振动会使结构出现“软化”趋势和疲劳损伤,当振动次数超过20 000次时（每天振动2次,约27 a）,建筑结构压应力已超过破坏极限应力,从而预测建筑物使用寿命未达到设计年限要求;建议拟规划建设项目的选址距离振动源200 m以上（一般居住或办公用途）或1 km以上（精密仪器设备等用途）。     

广吸力范围内国道G310路基黄土水力力学特性试验研究*

为探讨广吸力范围内国道G310路基黄土水力力学特性,采用WP4C仪、压力板法、滤纸法和蒸汽平衡法对其开展持水特性试验,用全自动直剪仪对具有不同初始干密度和不同吸力的试样进行强度特性试验,并结合压汞试验进行微观分析。根据上述试验数据提出快速预测抗剪强度公式。试验结果表明:随着初始干密度的增加,积聚体间孔隙体积发生收缩,积聚体内孔隙占主要作用。广吸力范围内试样的土水特征曲线随着初始干密度增大而向右上方偏移,而孔隙比随吸力的增加基本不变。抗剪强度随着初始干密度增大而增大,且随着吸力增加而增加。应力-应变曲线低吸力范围呈应变硬化现象,高吸力范围呈应变软化现象。利用Khalili & Khabbaz模型预测的抗剪强度值与实测值非常接近,因此该模型可用于预测广吸力范围内非饱和黄土的抗剪强度。     

基于有限元的含腐蚀缺陷原油集输管道剩余强度研究*

为研究含腐蚀缺陷原油集输管道的剩余强度,以延长油田集输系统常用的20#管线钢为例,采用ABAQUS建立1/2腐蚀管道有限元模型,研究单个均匀腐蚀缺陷对集输管道剩余强度的影响,分析缺陷位置、缺陷长度、缺陷宽度和缺陷深度的影响规律,并采用Matlab对缺陷长度和缺陷宽度角的模拟结果进行拟合,拟合确定系数R2均达99.0%以上。结果表明:集输管道的剩余强度受缺陷位置的影响较小;随着缺陷长度的增加先减小后保持不变,随着缺陷宽度的增加先略微增加后保持不变,建立缺陷深度分别为1.5,2.0,2.5 mm的有限元模型,得到缺陷临界长度分别为210,140,130 mm,缺陷宽度角分别为56°,57°,141°;剩余强度受缺陷深度的影响最大,会随着缺陷深度的增加而减小;缺陷深度越大,缺陷长度和缺陷宽度对剩余强度的影响越大。     

Design methodology for active disassembly based on the decapitated head method

Due to the characteristic that shape memory materials can quickly return to their original shape and have large deformation, such materials can be used as the connection in active disassembly devices. However, existing active disassembly devices typically require two moulding steps and complicated machining processes that result in high manufacturing cost. The active disassembly device based on the proposed decapitated head method has only one moulding step and lower manufacturing cost. Its disassembly mode is local damage disassembly, which can decrease the active disassembly cost and improve disassembly efficiency. This paper describes the active disassembly theory and the design methodology based on the decapitated head method, and then analyses the design criteria and feasibility of this method with a real case study.     

Utilization of silica fume in concrete: Review of hardened properties

Several types of industrial byproducts are generated. With increased environmental awareness and its potential hazardous effects, utilization of industrial byproducts has become an attractive alternative to disposal. One such by-product is silica fume (SF), which is a byproduct of the smelting process in the silicon and ferrosilicon industry. Silica fume is very effective in the design and development of high strength high performance concrete.This paper covers the physical, chemical properties of silica fume, and its reaction mechanism. It deals with the effect of silica fume on the workability, porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, creep and shrinkage of concrete.     

消防射水对火灾后高性能混凝土剩余抗压强度的影响

对火灾后消防射水对高性能混凝土(HPC)剩余抗压强度的影响进行了研究。分析了在不同温度、不同冷却方式条件下,C40HPC剩余抗压强度的变化规律,并利用ORIGIN 7.5软件,拟合了高温作用后HPC剩余抗压强度与温度之间的关系。研究表明:消防射水对高温作用后的HPC的剩余抗压强度的影响很大,射水冷却后的HPC剩余抗压强度明显低于自然冷却后的剩余抗压强度;随着破坏温度的升高,经消防射水冷却的HPC剩余抗压强度呈衰减状态。最后,建立了自然冷却及消防射水冷却条件下,C40HPC剩余强度与火场温度之间的二元回归曲线公式。     

Using Ecological Function to Develop Recovery Criteria for Depleted Species: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in the Aleutian Archipelago

Abstract: Recovery criteria for depleted species or populations normally are based on demographic measures, the goal being to maintain enough individuals over a sufficiently large area to assure a socially tolerable risk of future extinction. Such demographically based recovery criteria may be insufficient to restore the functional roles of strongly interacting species. We explored the idea of developing a recovery criterion for sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in the Aleutian archipelago on the basis of their keystone role in kelp forest ecosystems. We surveyed sea otters and rocky reef habitats at 34 island‐time combinations. The system nearly always existed in either a kelp‐dominated or deforested phase state, which was predictable from sea otter density. We used a resampling analysis of these data to show that the phase state at any particular island can be determined at 95% probability of correct classification with information from as few as six sites. When sea otter population status (and thus the phase state of the kelp forest) was allowed to vary randomly among islands, just 15 islands had to be sampled to estimate the true proportion that were kelp dominated (within 10%) with 90% confidence. We conclude that kelp forest phase state is a more appropriate, sensitive, and cost‐effective measure of sea otter recovery than the more traditional demographically based metrics, and we suggest that similar approaches have broad potential utility in establishing recovery criteria for depleted populations of other functionally important species.     

固化剂对矿用充填泡沫固化行为的影响

为提高泡沫的充填堵漏风效果,选取有机强酸A,有机磺酸B,无机强酸C等3种固化剂,通过测定泡沫的发泡时间、发泡温度、承压强度和氧指数等参数,分析不同组合固化剂对矿用充填泡沫固化行为的影响。结果表明:乳化时间、起泡时间和表干时间随固化剂用量的增加而明显缩短;泡沫的发泡倍数和发泡温度随固化剂用量的增加而增加;单独使用有机强酸A或有机磺酸B时,泡沫都存在不同程度的收缩,当添加较高量的无机强酸C时,泡沫的尺寸稳定性变好。当复合固化剂有机强酸A用量∶有机磺酸B用量∶无机强酸C用量=1.2∶1∶1时,泡沫的固化效果最优。     

建筑荷载下土质洞室地基稳定性的数值分析

随着地面与地下空间的综合开发利用日趋增多,地面建筑与地下工程的冲突及由此所引发的灾害也日益增多。如在既有洞室上修建建筑(开洞地基)或在既有建筑下开挖地下洞室(地基开洞)所引起的地下洞室有害变形及地基破坏,已成为地面与地下工程建设中亟待解决的突出问题。为此,本文结合工程实例,基于大型有限元软件ABAQU S,采用加载系数法和强度折减法,分别对开洞地基与地基开洞后建筑物下土质洞室地基的破坏过程与整体稳定性进行了有限元数值模拟;在此基础上,针对不同的地面加载方式与洞室埋深,采用强度折减法与加载系数法对开洞地基开展了弹塑性有限元数值计算与分析,得出了一些规律性认识,以期为相关工程建设及地下工程防灾减灾提供参考。     

身管镀层界面失效分析及寿命预测研究

目的 研究热压耦合作用下身管镀层的界面失效机理,预测身管寿命。方法 建立镀层界面剪切失效、界面弯曲失效和界面裂纹扩展失效3种失效模型,并给出失效准则。以某小口径步枪身管为研究对象,基于完整冷却周期的身管温度场数值模拟结果,计算这3种失效在相同射击条件下的临界失效长厚比,并对结果进行对比分析,确定身管镀层的主要界面失效方式。结合镀层的界面失效机理和低周疲劳损伤累计理论,建立基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测模型,对该小口径步枪身管的寿命进行预测。结果 临界失效长厚比计算结果表明,界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式。身管寿命预测结果与寿命试验结果相比,误差小于2%。结论 界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式,基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测方法是可行的。