污泥自热式高温好氧消化技术研究进展

污泥自热式高温好氧消化（ATAD）具有反应速率快,停留时间短,病原微生物灭活效果好等优点,特别适合于小规模污水处理厂污泥的处理,在北美和欧洲已有较多的应用实例.系统总结了ATAD系统各方面的研究进展,包括AT-AD系统中微生物的种类与特性,ATAD污泥处理过程中微生物细胞、有机碳以及氮磷的转化规律,ATAD反应器运行控制参数,以及改善ATAD处理后污泥脱水性能的方法,并介绍了基于ATAD技术的新型污水及污泥处理工艺研究开发现状.     

Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina,Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)

Summary Changes in the density of beech scale infestation (Cryptococcus fagisuga) of a mature beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated after gap-cutting in limed and unlimed areas bordering on the gaps and in untreated areas over a 5-year period. Parallelly the concentrations of sucrose, protein amino acids, and procyanidins were examined in the inner and outer bark of non-infested beech trees and beeches infested by beech scale.Irrespective of liming in the areas bordering on the gaps the proportion of beech trees with increasing beech scale infestation was significantly higher, the proportion of beeches with diminishing infestation was significantly lower than in the untreated control areas. Trees with the same infestation tendency occurred in clusters.Physiological defence reactions in the inner and outer bark of the infested beech trees were registrated as an increase in the procyanidin content and a decrease in the protein amino acid content. A change in the outer bark—inner bark—ratio of the infested beech trees showed a transfer of compounds between the inner and outer bark. During the period of observation long-lasting shifts occurred in the pattern of compounds of the bark irrespective of actual infestation intensity.     

铸铁还原氯乙酸的影响因素与机制研究

氯乙酸是地表水与饮用水中一种常见的微量氯代有机污染,具有致癌性,浓度较高时对人体健康会产生一定的危害.为了更经济地去除水体中的氯乙酸,研究了铸铁废料去除氯乙酸的可行性,讨论了铁类型、预处理方法,振荡方式以及溶解氧等条件对还原效果的影响.结果表明传质过程比铁类型与酸处理对氯乙酸还原速率的影响更大.铸铁无氧去除三氯乙酸(TCAA)的主要产物为二氯乙酸(DCAA)而有氧存在时为一氯乙酸(MCAA).在纵向翻转下铸铁对氯乙酸的去除过程符合伪一级动力学,TCAA、DCAA与MCAA的无氧速率常数分别为0.46 h-1、0.03 h-1与0,有氧速率常数依次为1.24 h-1、0.79 h-1与0.28 h-1.不同氧含量环境中铸铁对氯乙酸的去除机制不同,无氧时为连续氢解,有氧时可能包括连续氢解与直接转化过程.     

Effects of pH on photochemical decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in different atmospheres by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet

Perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA）, a persistent organic pollutant, receives increasing concerns due to its worldwide occurrence and resistance to most conventional treatment processes. The photochemical decomposition by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） is one of the efficient methods for PFOA decomposition. The effects of pH on PFOA decomposition in nitrogen atmosphere or oxygen atmosphere were investigated. At its original pH （4.5） of PFOA aqueous solution, PFOA decomposed efficiently both in nitrogen and in oxygen atmosphere. However, when the pH increased to 12.0, PFOA decomposition was greatly inhibited in oxygen atmosphere, while it was greatly accelerated in nitrogen atmosphere with a very short half-life time （9 rain）. Furthermore, fluorine atoms originally contained in PFOA molecules were almost completely transformed into fluoride ions. Two decomposi- tion pathways have been proposed to explain the PFOA decomposition under different conditions. In acidic and neutral solutions, PFOA predominantly decomposes via the direct photolysis in both atmospheres; while in the alkaline solution and in the absence of oxygen, the decomposition of PFOA is mainly induced by hydrated electrons.     

中国七大流域全氟烷基酸污染水平与饮水暴露风险

为探究中国七大流域全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)的污染现状与居民饮水暴露风险,基于美国国家环保署推荐的风险评估方法,应用场景风险评估模式,分析了各流域PFAAs的污染水平及特征,并对中国成人、青少年、儿童的PFAAs日均饮水暴露量(average daily dose,ADD)及其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,中等暴露水平下,中国七大流域ΣPFAAs中位浓度为14 ng·L-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)、全氟丁酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)为主要污染物,松辽、太湖流域ΣPFAAs高于整体水平.高等暴露水平下,碳链≤6的全氟羧酸类化合物占ΣPFAAs的比例高于中等暴露水平.黄河、长江部分河段污染水平高.风险评估结果显示,饮水暴露PFOA、PFOS对中国各年龄段居民尚无健康风险,且青少年日均饮水摄入量偏少.     

机动车尾气烟尘中烷烃和有机酸的组成

本研究采用直接采样方法分别对11辆柴油公交车和20辆汽油小汽车的排气管壁积尘进行采集,再使用气相色谱与质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中的烷烃和有机酸进行定性以及定量分析.结果表明,公交车(C_(14)~C_(30))和小汽车(C_(14)~C_(33))正构烷烃质量分数分别为1.31~149.08μg·g~(-1)和15.35~556.03μg·g~(-1),公交车尾气尘中正构烷烃以C_(20)为主峰碳,小汽车中正构烷烃以C_(29)为主峰碳,且小汽车生成更多高沸点长链烷烃.公交车中姥鲛烷和植烷总质量分数分别是15.24μg·g~(-1)和21.79μg·g~(-1),小汽车中姥鲛烷和植烷总质量分数分别是2.31μg·g~(-1)和2.69μg·g~(-1),公交车和小汽车姥鲛烷和植烷的比值分别为0.699 4和0.858 7,植烷和十八烷的比值分别是0.356 5和0.747 2.脂肪族有机酸的质量分数变化都比较大,公交车和小汽车中其变化范围分别为0.01~40.87μg·g~(-1)和3.8~113.7μg·g~(-1),公交车烟灰中质量分数最大的有机酸是3-羟基丁酸,丙二酸(C_3)和丁二酸(C_4)比的最大值为5.93,小汽车烟灰中质量分数最高的正构烷酸是正十六烷酸(C_(16)),芳香族有机酸的质量分数范围分别为5.05~31.70μg·g~(-1)和0.1~228.38μg·g~(-1).     

外源环烷酸在土壤中的降解过程及对微生物群落结构的影响

环烷酸类物质(naphthenic acids,NAs)是石油中的一种天然成分,所占质量分数约为2%,是除多环芳烃外最具生态毒性的石油污染物.随着能源需求的增长,大量NAs通过石油工业的各个过程进入土壤环境中,对人类健康和生态系统造成了巨大的潜在威胁.然而,目前对外源NAs在土壤中的降解过程及其对微生物群落结构的影响等研究较少.本研究以自然洁净土壤为样本,通过添加180 mg·kg~(-1)高浓度NAs,并借助液相色谱、高通量测序等技术探究了土壤中NAs的降解过程及微生物群落动态变化.研究发现,自然洁净土壤对高浓度NAs降解能力较强,5 d内降解量达到50%,15 d后稳定在80%左右,但NAs含量低于42 mg·kg~(-1)后难以被生物利用;NAs污染明显改变了土壤细菌群落结构,土样中特有OTU数目增加,主要分布在未鉴定门、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);高含量NAs污染胁迫下,拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)及变形菌门中的γ变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)物种丰度在短期内迅速升高,显示了较强耐受性,是潜在的NAs降解菌,而放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度则大幅下降,降幅高达24.8%;研究结果揭示了外源NAs在土壤中的降解过程及对微生物群落结构的影响,为石油污染土壤的生态修复提供了科学支持.     

饮用水预氯化工艺潜在的健康风险及改进工艺的研究进展

本文分析了预氯化技术对饮用水安全性的影响,以及提高饮用水的安全性和改进常规预处理工艺的研究进展.预氯化因会增加消毒副产物的生成,其作用不断受到质疑.预臭氧氧化、预高锰酸钾氧化和预氯胺氧化工艺等都在不同程度上对消毒副产物生成起到抑制作用,逐步被用于强化常规工艺.     

1甲-基环己烯气相臭氧氧化生成二次有机气溶胶产物的研究

采用烟雾箱实验模拟了大气中1-甲基环己烯臭氧氧化生成二次有机气溶胶的化学过程.采用衍生化方法和气质联用仪对反应中生成的低挥发性有机酸产物进行了定性定量研究.通过研究.OH自由基清除剂和相对湿度对产物产率的影响,检验了文献中提出的假设反应机理,并提出了各产物的详细形成机理.