蔬菜与餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵启动阶段微生物分析

为了研究厌氧发酵启动阶段微生物菌群结构、数量变化情况与沼气产量的关系,分别对蔬菜废弃物和餐厨垃圾单一物料发酵进行分析,并测定pH值、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、氧化还原电位。结果表明,餐厨垃圾比蔬菜废弃物的启动时间长,但产气持久。蔬菜废弃物中细菌达峰值的时间早于餐厨垃圾,说明蔬菜废弃物中的有机质更利于微生物降解利用。两种原料中的微生物群落结构变化一致,启动阶段初期好氧和兼性厌氧细菌属优势菌,其中产酸菌增殖速率高于氨化细菌,是启动阶段降解有机质的主要菌群。随后厌氧细菌快速增殖,13增殖速率由不足20％增长到近100％并保持稳定。厌氧纤维素降解菌在启动阶段增殖较慢,原料中纤维素降解在厌氧发酵后期。原料液VFA中丁酸含量最多,最高浓度4．7mg／mL以上,占有机酸总量总量的46％以上,厌氧发酵类型为丁酸发酵型。     

Biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil triacylglycerols under aerobic conditions

The aerobic biodegradation of five triacylglycerols (TAGs), three liquids [triolein (OOO), trilinolein (LLL), and trilinolenin (LnLnLn)] and two solids [tripalmitin (PPP) and tristearin (SSS)] was studied in water. Respirometry tests were designed and conducted to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameters of the compounds. In the case of the solid lipids, the degradation process was limited by their extremely non-polar nature. When added to water, PPP and SSS formed irregular clumps or gumballs, not a fine and uniform suspension required for the lipase activity. After 30 days, appreciable mineralization was not achieved; therefore, first-order biodegradation coefficients could not be determined. The bioavailability of the liquid TAGs was restricted due to the presence of double bonds in the fatty acids (FAs). An autoxidation process occurred in the allylic chains, resulting in the production of hydroperoxides. These compounds polymerized and became non-biodegradable. Nevertheless, the non-oxidized fractions were readily mineralized, and BOD rate constants were estimated by non-linear regression: LLL (k = 0.0061 h⁻¹) and LnLnLn (k = 0.0071 h⁻¹) were degraded more rapidly than OOO (k = 0.0025 h⁻¹). Lipids strongly partitioned to the biomass and, therefore, Microtox^® toxicity was not observed in the water column. However, EC₅₀ values (<15% sample volume) were measured in the solid phase.     

脂肪酰基氨基酸对矿物润滑油生物降解性的影响研究

通过生物降解试验研究了N-月桂酰基谷氨酸、N-月桂酰基甘氨酸、N-月桂酰基丙氨酸和N-油酰基甘氨酸4种脂肪酰基氨基酸对HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解性的影响,采用高倍电子显微镜分析了生物降解过程中微生物数量和形态变化。结果表明,在矿物润滑油中添加少量脂肪酰基氨基酸后,矿物润滑油的生物降解性能明显改善,且生物降解过程中微生物数量增多、形态发生变化,这可能是脂肪酰基氨基酸增加了微生物的营养,且具有表面活性,有利于细胞的吸收,从而促进了矿物润滑油生物降解。     

The effects of LMWOAs on biodegradation of multi-component PAHs in aqueous solution using dual-wavelength fluorimetry

Biodegradation of dissolved fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Ph) and pyrene (Py), three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), singly or as a mixture of the three, by two bacterial strains, MEBIC 5140 (Mycobacterium flavescens) and MEBIC 5141 (Mycobacterium scrofulaceum), as well as the effects of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), e.g. malic acid, citric acid and butyric acid on biodegradation of the three PAHs in mineral salts medium aqueous solution were investigated using a newly established dual-wavelength fluorimetric method. The results showed that biodegradation processes can be monitored simultaneously, quickly and simply by dual-wavelength fluorimetry. Both co-metabolism and inhibitory effects were found during the biodegradation of the three PAHs by MEBIC 5140 and MEBIC 5141. Positive effects of butyric acid and negative effects of citric acid on biodegradation of the three PAHs in a mixture were observed.     

Effects of carboxylic acids on nC60 aggregate formation

The discovery that negatively charged aggregates of C₆₀ fullerene (nC₆₀) are stable in water has raised concerns regarding the potential environmental and health effects of these aggregates. In this work, we show that nC₆₀ aggregates produced by extended mixing in the presence of environmentally relevant carboxylic acids (acetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid) have surface charge and morphologic properties that differ from those produced by extended mixing in water alone. In general, aggregates formed in the presence of these acids have a more negative surface charge and are more homogeneous than those produced in water alone. Carboxylic acid identity, solution pH, and sodium ion concentration, which are all intricately coupled, play an important role in setting the measured surface charge. Comparisons between particle sizes determined by analysis of TEM images and those obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicate that DLS results require careful evaluation when used to describe nC₆₀ aggregates.     

美人蕉根系对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

通过在铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)培养物中添加美人蕉(Canna indica)种植水的方式,研究了美人蕉种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应. 结果表明:①以蒸馏水培养3 d收集获得的美人蕉种植水对铜绿微囊藻的生长有明显的抑制作用; 在与铜绿微囊藻共培养20 d后,美人蕉种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率最高可达64.4%,对照组铜绿微囊藻中ρ(Chla)是种植水的1.98倍. ②美人蕉种植水(根系分泌物)中有乳酸、己二酸、棕榈酸、乙二醇和硬脂酸等10种脂肪酸,其根系提取物中有乳酸、3-儿茶酚乳酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸等19种物质. ③美人蕉种植水和根系提取物中乳酸含量均最高,美人蕉根系提取物中化合物种类多于种植水,美人蕉种植水中绝大部分化合物在其根系提取物中均可找到. 推断美人蕉自身代谢产生的化感物质释放于水体中,可有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的正常生长.      

中国七大流域全氟烷基酸污染水平与饮水暴露风险

为探究中国七大流域全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)的污染现状与居民饮水暴露风险,基于美国国家环保署推荐的风险评估方法,应用场景风险评估模式,分析了各流域PFAAs的污染水平及特征,并对中国成人、青少年、儿童的PFAAs日均饮水暴露量(average daily dose,ADD)及其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,中等暴露水平下,中国七大流域ΣPFAAs中位浓度为14 ng·L-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)、全氟丁酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)为主要污染物,松辽、太湖流域ΣPFAAs高于整体水平.高等暴露水平下,碳链≤6的全氟羧酸类化合物占ΣPFAAs的比例高于中等暴露水平.黄河、长江部分河段污染水平高.风险评估结果显示,饮水暴露PFOA、PFOS对中国各年龄段居民尚无健康风险,且青少年日均饮水摄入量偏少.     

巢湖富营养化的沉积记录:结合态脂肪酸及其单体碳同位素特征

本文以中国五大淡水湖泊之一的巢湖作为研究对象,在对18cm的沉积钻孔中TOC、TN、δ13C、和δ13N测定的基础上,通过对巢湖现代沉积物中结合态脂肪酸的组成及其单体碳同位素特征的讨论,探讨了近70年来巢湖的富营养化过程。研究结果表明,巢湖沉积物中总有机质基本参数变化可以划分成二个主要阶段,其中7cm至表层段,δ13N、TOC和TN显著增大,可能与该时期湖泊富营养化持续加剧有关。利用结合态脂肪酸单体分子C16∶0、C18∶2W6和单体分子组合TARFA、C18∶1w7/C18∶1w9、(i-C15∶0+a-C15∶0)/nC15∶0比值的特征变化,表明12cm以来结合态脂肪酸以内源的藻类和细菌输入为主,并且从下向上对沉积物中的结合态脂肪酸贡献不断增加,反映出湖泊富营养化过程。结合态脂肪酸以单体C16∶0为主峰,沉积剖面中结合态脂肪酸中单体C16∶0的δ13C值在12cm开始迅速的增加,可以作为指示巢湖富营养化发生的重要指标。     

基于细菌学研究改性生物炭对抗生素的降解机制

分别选取3个裂解温度下制备的改性生物炭——MBC350,MBC500和MBC700,2种抗生素——磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)和氯霉素(CAP),考察MBCs对SMX和CAP生物降解的影响及生物降解过程中Pseudomonas stutzeri和Shewanella putrefaciens的细菌学特征.结果表明,在低浓度MB...     

利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响因素研究

为了有效提高餐厨废油制取生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)的产率,降低生产成本,通过正交试验和单因素实验,系统分析醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等主要因素对利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的影响.结果表明,醇油比、催化剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度等因素对餐厨废油制取生物柴油均具有显著影响,各因素影响显著性大小顺序为搅拌速度＞催化剂投加量＞反应时间＞醇油比＞温度;利用餐厨废油生产生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为搅拌强度为60 r·min-1,醇油质量比为0.22∶1,催化剂质量浓度1.0％,反应时间3h,反应温度60 ℃.