Disinfection byproduct precursor removal by enhanced coagulation and their distribution in chemical fractions

Raw water from the Songhua River was treated by four types of coagulants, ferric chloride(FeCl3), aluminum sulfate(Al2(SO4)3),polyaluminum chloride(PACl) and composite polyaluminum(HPAC), in order to remove dissolved organic matter(DOM). Considering the disinfection byproduct(DBP) precursor treatability, DOM was divided into five chemical fractions based on resin adsorption.Trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential(HAAFP) were measured for each fraction. The results showed that hydrophobic acids(HoA), hydrophilic matter(HiM) and hydrophobic neutral(HoN) were the dominant fractions.Although both HoN and HoA were the main THM precursors, the contribution for THMFP changed after coagulation. Additionally,HoA and HiM were the main HAA precursors, while the contribution of HoN to HAAFP significantly increased after coagulation.HoM was more easily removed than HiM, no matter which coagulant was used, especially under enhanced coagulation conditions.DOC removal was highest for enhanced coagulation using FeCl3 while DBPFP was lowest using PACl. This could indicate that not all DOC fractions contained the precursors of DBPs. Reduction of THMFP and HAAFP by PACl under enhanced coagulation could reach51% and 59% respectively.     

苏柳172和垂柳对Pb的吸收动力学特性及有机酸的影响

采用溶液培养的方法研究了苏柳172（Salix jiangsuensis CL‘J172’）和垂柳（Salix babylonica Linn）的Pb吸收动力学、Pb在根区的分布以及低分子量有机酸对Pb吸收的影响.结果表明,在溶液Pb浓度为0.25—100μmo.lL-1时,两种柳树对Pb的吸收动力学都呈非饱和曲线,积...     

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶:脂肪酸代谢的关键酶及其基因克隆研究进展

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)在脂肪酸合成和分解代谢中发挥着重要作用.系统介绍了该酶的结构与分类、生物学作用与应用、抑制剂的类型与作用机理以及基因克隆4个方面的进展.ACC在大多数原核生物中为多亚基型酶,而在大多数真核生物中为多功能型单亚基酶,在天蓝色链霉菌和古菌勤奋金属球菌中为另外两种特殊类型;但都具备3个关键的功能域,即生物素羧化酶(BC)、生物素羧基载体蛋白(BCCP)和羧基转移酶(CT).CT功能域作为潜在的靶标广泛应用于植物除草剂的筛选和哺乳动物肥胖、糖尿病等代谢疾病的药物设计中.ACC基因也成为转基因油料作物和生物柴油研究中重要的靶标基因.研究表明,植物质体中的β-CT亚基是多亚基型ACC的限制因子,而BCCP是脂肪酸合成的负调控因子.油脂的合成代谢十分复杂,且存在反馈抑制机制,因此克隆和表达ACC基因可以提高宿主中ACC的活性,但不一定能显著促进脂肪酸的积累.图2参52     

Effects of oxidizing environment on digestate humification and identification of substances governing the dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation process

• Liquid digestate humification was investigated under different oxidizing environment. • Tryptophan-like substances dominated the transformation of the liquid digestate DOM. • The humification sequence of the liquid digestate DOM was identified. • UV₃₂₅ was first identified as a pre-humus intermediate during humification reaction. The formation of humic-like acids (HLAs) is an essential process for converting liquid digestate into organic soil amendments to enhance agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oxygen and/or MnO₂ on the production of HLAs. Herein, abiotic humification performance of the digestate dissolved organic matter (DOM) is investigated with fluxes of air and N₂ in the absence and presence of MnO₂. Our results demonstrated that the fate of digestate DOM greatly depends on the oxidizing environment, the MnO₂ enhanced nitrogen involved in the formation of HLAs. The synergistic effects of MnO₂ and oxygen effectively improved the production of HLAs, and the corresponding component evolution was analyzed using spectroscopic evidence. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reaction sequence of digestate DOM followed the order of protein-like substances, substances with an absorbance at 325 nm, substances with UV absorbance at 254 nm and HLAs. Additionally, excitation emission matrix fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) showed that tryptophan-like C3 was more prone to transformation than tyrosine-like C2 and was responsible for the humification process. The substance with an absorbance at 325 nm was a reaction intermediate in the transformation process of protein-like substances to HLAs. The above findings can be used to promote the production of liquid fertilizer associated with carbon sequestration as well as the sustainable development of biogas production.     

Anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments: Changes of amino acids and microbial community

•Tryptophan protein, and aromatic protein I/II were the key identified proteins. •Cysteine was more correlated with methane production than other amino acids. •The presence of cysteine can promote methane production and degradation of VFAs. •The presence of cysteine can lower ORP and increase biomass activity. •Predominant Tissierella and Proteiniphilum were noted in pretreated sludge samples. Many studies have investigated the effects of different pretreatments on the performance of anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, the detailed changes of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly the release behavior of proteins and the byproducts of protein hydrolysis-amino acids, are rarely known during anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments. Here we quantified the changes of three types of proteins and 17 types of amino acids in sludge samples solubilized by ultrasonic, thermal, and acid/alkaline pretreatments and their transformation during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Tryptophan protein, aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and cysteine were identified as the key dissolved organic nitrogen responsible for methane production during anaerobic digestion of sludge, regardless of the different pretreatment methods. Different from the depletion of other amino acids, cysteine was resistant to degradation after an incubation period of 30 days in all sludge samples. Meanwhile, the “cysteine and methionine metabolism (K00270)” was absent in all sludge samples by identifying 6755 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments of genes hits. Cysteine contributed to the generation of methane and the degradation of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids through decreasing oxidation-reduction potential and enhancing biomass activity. This study provided an alternative strategy to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge through in situ production of cysteine.     

稻田与旱地土壤中真菌和细菌对秸秆碳的利用特征

微生物将植物残体矿化为CO₂和同化为微生物细胞组成部分是新鲜有机物料转化为土壤有机质的关键环节.以亚热带两种典型农业利用（稻田和旱地）土壤为对象,采用40 d室内模拟培养试验结合磷脂脂肪酸-稳定同位素示踪联用(¹³C-PLFA-SIP)技术,研究¹³C标记秸秆的矿化特征以及参与秸秆降解的细菌和真菌类群变化规律.结果表明,培养前期（0.25～1 d）,秸秆碳在稻田土壤中的矿化速率高于旱地土壤,中期（2～20 d）以稻田土壤低于旱地土壤（P<0.05）,后期（21～40 d）两者矿化速率相当.培养结束时,秸秆碳在稻田土壤中的累积矿化率（11%）约为旱地（20%）的一半.尽管稻田土壤中总微生物量（PLFA总量）比旱地高,但两种土壤中秸秆碳被微生物同化为细胞组分的量(¹³C-PLFA)相当,且稻田中秸秆碳的富集比例(PLFA中¹³C占总碳量的百分比)低于旱地,说明稻田土壤中参与秸秆碳降解的活性微生物占比少.整个培养期内,稻田土壤中秸秆碳被微生物利用的优势类群为细菌(占^1...     

必需脂肪酸及其代谢转化产物的营养生理功能研究进展

为了开发富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)这一功能性食品,需要我们更深入地认识n-3和n-6脂肪酸.必需脂肪酸α-亚麻酸和亚油酸分别是n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的母体,两者及其碳链延长产物是不能相互转化的.n-3和n-6脂肪酸的作用也不能相互替代.作为功能性食品成分的n-3和n-6脂肪酸具有预防心血管疾病、治疗高血脂症、轻度老年痴呆症、降低胆固醇血症的危险等作用.本文主要综述n-3和n-6脂肪酸的特殊作用、n-6和n-3脂肪酸之间的相互关系以及在开发富含n-3PUFA动物产品及食品方面的研究进展,并提出了今后尚待解决的问题.     

外生菌根真菌对Al3+胁迫和低钾土壤的响应

酸铝危害和土壤贫瘠是热带和亚热带森林衰亡的主要原因之一,外生菌根真菌抗铝毒和活化土壤养分有益于防止森林退化和提高森林生产力.试验在Al3+胁迫条件下,以彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius,Pt 715)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus(L.:Fr.)Gray,Sl 13)和亚褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus subluteus(Peck)Snell ex Slipp&Snell,Ss 00)等3株外生菌根真菌为材料,土壤为钾源,采用培养试验研究了它们的生长、有机酸和H+分泌,以及对土壤钾的利用.结果表明,在Al3+胁迫和缺钾下,3株外生菌根真菌的生长,氮、磷、钾吸收,以及有机酸和H+分泌均受Al3+浓度的调节.在Al3+浓度较低时,它们随浓度的增加而提高,到达峰值后又随Al3+浓度升高而降低.抗Al3+性较强的菌株出现峰值时的Al3+浓度高,反之亦然.Pt 715的生物量和氮吸收量达到峰值时的Al3+浓度分别是Ss 00和Sl 13菌株的4倍和2倍,磷钾吸收和有机酸及H+分泌量也显著高于Ss 00和Sl 13.此外,3株菌株均能利用土壤矿物结构钾,Pt 715、Ss 00和Sl 13对矿物结构钾的分解率分别高达2.10%、1.43%和1.17%,其利用能力与有机酸分泌的种类、数量和H+分泌量有关.     

15株微藻对猪场养殖污水中氮磷的净化及其细胞营养分析

在实验室条件下调查了15株淡水微藻在猪场养殖污水中的生长性能、细胞组成及各微藻对污水中氮磷的去除效果.结果表明:15株微藻均可有效降低猪场养殖污水中的氮磷含量,但不同藻株对污水中不同形态氮的去除效果差异明显.多棘栅藻(Scenedesmus spinosus)SHOUF7、多棘栅藻(S.spinosus)SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻(S.quadricanda)SHOU-F35去除总氮效果最佳.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和斜生栅藻(S.obliquus)SHOU-F21去除硝态氮效果最好,最大去除率可达到100%.椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3、单生卵囊藻(Oocystis solitaria)SHOU-F5和四球藻(Tetrachlorella alternans)SHOU-F24去除氨态氮效果最好,最大去除率为97.82%.各株微藻对污水中总磷的去除率均很高,可达91.00%以上.利用猪场养殖污水培养的各株微藻细胞蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成差异显著,蛋白含量最高的为椭圆小球藻(Ch.ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3(43.90%),含量最低的为多棘栅藻SHOU-F8(23.87%);16∶0和18∶3n3在各株微藻中含量均较丰富.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8、淡水小球藻(Chlorella sp.)SHOU-F19和针形纤维藻(A.acicularis)SHOU-F120的脂肪酸甲酯的理论烷基值超过47.因此,多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻SHOU-F35是净化猪场养殖污水的优良藻株,其中,多棘栅藻SHOU-F8是猪场养殖污水净化耦合微藻生物柴油生产的合适藻株.