解淀粉芽孢杆菌对水中丁草胺的降解及影响

用解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)作为试验菌种,对除草剂丁草胺(N-丁氧甲基氯-2′-氯-2′,6′-二乙基乙酰替苯胺)在水介质中的微生物降解进行了研究.筛选了解淀粉芽孢杆菌降解丁草胺的最佳试验条件,研究了不同初始pH和添加外源腐殖酸对丁草胺微生物降解的影响.用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了丁草胺残留量和降解产物,用红外光谱法(FTIR)分析测定了反应前后腐殖酸的变化情况.结果表明:解淀粉芽孢杆菌对丁草胺具有明显的降解效果,丁草胺初始质量浓度越高,其降解速率和降解效率也越高,碱性条件下丁草胺的降解率明显比酸性条件下高;腐殖酸的加入不仅能吸附丁草胺还能促进细菌对丁草胺的微生物降解,并能影响丁草胺的微生物降解产物.      

Role of organic and black carbon in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol at European background sites

The mass concentrations of inorganic ions, water-soluble organic carbon, water-insoluble organic carbon and black carbon were determined in atmospheric aerosol collected at three European background sites: (i) the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (high-alpine, PM_2.5 aerosol); (ii) K-puszta, Hungary (rural, PM_1.0 aerosol); (iii) Mace Head, Ireland (marine, total particulate matter). At the Jungfraujoch and K-puszta the contribution of carbonaceous compounds to the aerosol mass was higher than that of inorganic ions by 33% and 94%, respectively. At these continental sites about 60% of the organic carbon was water soluble, 55–75% of the total carbon proved to be refractory and a considerable portion of the water soluble, refractory organic matter was composed of humic-like substances. At Mace Head the mass concentration of organic matter was found to be about twice than that of nonsea-salt ions, 40% of the organic carbon was water soluble and the amount of highly refractory carbon was low. Humic-like substances were not detected but instead low molecular weight carboxylic acids were responsible for about one-fifth of the water-soluble organic mass. These results imply that the influence of carbonaceous compounds on aerosol properties (e.g. hygroscopic, optical) might be significant.     

pH值调控对柑橘废渣与污泥厌氧共发酵产酸影响

为提高挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量,探究了柑橘废渣和剩余污泥不同VS(挥发性固体)配比及调控发酵过程pH值对产VFA性能的影响.结果表明:调节共发酵系统pH值为6对VFA的积累有促进作用,柑橘废渣VS/剩余污泥VS为2时的最大VFA产量为11183.12mg/L,是未控制pH值组最高VFA浓度的1.75倍.柑橘废渣中的...     

利用剩余污泥水解酸化液合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯的研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥水解酸化产物为原料,研究了罗氏真养菌(Ralstonia eutropha)H16在水解酸化液中的生长规律和聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)积累特性,同时分析了H16对水解酸化液中各种有机酸组分的利用规律. 结果表明,以剩余污泥52℃中温水解酸化48h的水解酸化液为培养基,在HAc水解酸化液(C/N/P=100/10/1, TOC＝2881mg/L,乙酸占总有机酸含量36.1%)中,H16最先利用乙酸和正丁酸来进行自身的生长和PHAs的合成,合成的主要产物是聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB);随后开始利用丙酸和正戊酸,在此过程中聚羟基戊酸酯(PHV)的含量也逐步上升,菌体量同步增长, H16在40h左右处于平稳期,并且达到最大积累率为12.51%(占菌体干重);最后利用的是异丁酸和异戊酸,但是此时H16已经进入衰亡期,菌体量和PHAs合成率都在下降.当以HVa水解酸化液(C/N/P=100/10/1, TOC＝2358mg/L,异戊酸占总有机酸含量29.0%)为培养基时, H16在18h达到生长的峰值,24h达到PHAs合成率的最大值为32.14%(占菌体干重),PHV为PHAs的主要形式.     

Organic acid profile and phenolic and sugar content in Salix purpurea × viminalis L. cultivated with different spent mushroom substrate and copper additions

The aim of the study was to determine the response of Salix purpurea?×?viminalis L. growing on Pleurotus ostreatus spent mushroom substrate (SMS) with different copper (Cu) addition. The content of Cu in roots, leaves and shoots was reduced by SMS addition. A decrease of biomass was observed with simultaneous Cu concentration increase. SMS induced leaf and root elongation of Cu-treated plants. Variation in the profile of low molecular weight organic acids with the domination of oxalic and acetic acids was observed. The total phenolic content significantly increased for plants cultivated with SMS, while the biosynthesis of salicylic acid was considerably weakened. The content of sugars was generally reduced by SMS. Alteration in the level of the stress-related molecules suggests mitigation of the harmful effect of Cu on Salix hybrid metabolism by SMS addition. This pointed to the possibility of using SMS in contaminated soil to reduce the toxic effect of metals on plants used in phytoextraction.     

Unlocked disinfection by-product formation potential upon exposure of swimming pool water to additional stimulants

• Swimming pool water was studied for DBPs upon exposure to additional stimulants. • DBP formation could be induced by residual chlorine and extended incubation. • Urine led to a massive formation of chloroform with additional stimulants. • Reactions between chlorine and anthropogenic organics were slow and long-lasting. • Urine control and air ventilation should be on the priority list for pool management. Anthropogenic organics are known to be responsible for the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool water (SPW). The research explored an important scenario of SPW with no additional anthropogenic organic input. With stimulations by residual chlorine or additional chlorine and extended incubation, the formation of DBPs, especially chloroform, was significantly induced. Similar observations were found by investigating synthetic SPW made with sweat and urine. The presence of urine led to a massive formation of chloroform, as noted by an approximate 19-fold increase after 165-day incubation with a shock chlorine dose. The research suggests that consistent residual chlorine and long water retention as two typical features of SPW could unlock the DBP formation potential of anthropogenic organics. Thus, limiting the introduction of anthropogenic organics may not have an immediate effect on reducing DBP levels, because their reactions with chlorine can be slow and long-lasting. Pool management should prioritize on control of urine and improving air ventilation. This work is useful to deepen understandings about DBP formation in SPW and provide implications for pool management and prospective legislation.     

水体冻结过程中卤乙酸前体物在水-冰体系中的分配研究

通过室内模拟试验,研究了水体冻结过程中,水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)和卤乙酸前体物在水-冰体系中的分配规律.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A),疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N),过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A),过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明:在水体冻结过程中,5种DOM组分在水相中的DOC浓度均随冷冻时间的增长而增加,呈现冷冻浓缩效应.与溶解性有机碳(DOC)所表征的整体有机物相比,5种DOM组分中的卤乙酸(HAAs)前体物更倾向于停留在水相中浓缩.在5种DOM组分中,HPI是主要的HAAs前体物.5种DOM组分在未冻结水中的UV-254与HAAFP均表现出一定相关性,其中HPO-A, TPI-A和HPI的UV-254与HAAFP达到极显著水平.然而在融冰水中,这5种DOM组分的UV-254与HAAFP的相关性均不显著.     

Adverse effects of chromium on amino acid levels in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

Various heavy metals released into the rivers and lakes affect aquatic fauna including Clarias batrachus. Elevated levels of chromium (Cr) in aquatic organisms, especially fish, represent an ecological and human concern. Amino acid levels were estimated in five tissues (gills, liver, kidneys, muscle, and brain) of C. batrachus after 28 days of exposure to Cr. This study showed that Cr elevated levels of free amino acids in organs of fish C. batrachus, indicating a compensatory mechanism to counter sublethal metallic stress. Data suggest that the measurement of amino acids may serve as a biomarker for Cr toxicity in fish.     

Soil organic matter chemistry. Part 1. Characterization of several humic preparations by proton and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Both laboratory and commercial preparations of humic substances (HSs) such as fulvic acids and humic acids along with HC1‐HF preparation of Manitoba peat soil organic matter were characterized using Fourier Transformation (FT) proton (¹H) and carbon‐13 (¹³C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All the samples were dissolved in a solution of 0.4 N NaOD in D₂O. In the case of ‘H‐NMR spectroscopy, all the investigated humic samples displayed resonance absorption peaks in the region of 1–4 ppm indicating the likely presence of aliphatic protons in the preparations. However, with the exception of one fulvic acid preparation (extracted from Manitoba Carrol clay‐loam soil with 0.5 N NaOH), ¹H‐NMR spectra of all other samples provided evidence for strong aromatic character. The aliphatic and aromatic characteristics of such samples of HSs were further confirmed with the aid of ¹³C‐NMR spectra.     

Plant Bioavailability of “natural” and “model” Humic acid‐bound [14c] Atrazine residues

The release of bound [14C] atrazine residues and their uptake by maize plants was investigated.

“Natural”; humic acids, extracted from a brown soil, and “model”; humic acids, prepared from catechol, both containing bound [14C] atrazine residues were incubated with plants in soil. After 21 days, the maize plants contained 0.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “natural”; humic acids) to 1.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “model”; humic acids) of the radioactivity originally introduced.

The roots contained 55 to 70% of the [14C] residues whereas the remainder was present in the shoots. A significant amount of the total [14C] residues (29 to 53%) became again bound in plant tissues, whereas the, majority of extractable [14C] residues was present in the form of conjugates.

The behaviour of “model”; humic acid‐bound residues was comparable to that of “natural”; humic acid‐bound residues or soil‐bound residues.