The acidobasic and complexation properties of Humic acids

Complexation of Humic Acids (HA) of different origin, like Fluka, and especially those extracted from bohemian brown coal, with cadmium(II) and lead(II) was studied at pH 5.0 using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Conditions close to those present in the environment were chosen with 3‐ 10^‐4 moll^‐4 for HAs and 2. 10^‐8‐l . 10^‐5 moll^‐1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II). Stability constants evaluation was done assuming the electrode process is diffusion controlled and the complexes are labile. Obtained log K values were in the range 4.49–5.25 for Cd(II) and as expected the higher log K values 6.05–6.60 were found for Pb(II). There was no significant difference between complexation properties of HA extracted from bohemian brown coal and that of Fluka. The results obtained are in good agreement with the literature and those obtained by ISE in our laboratory.     

Bacterial Degradation of Vegetable Oils

Following initial experiments presented elsewhere (2IOPS), the bacterial degradation of two vegetable oils was investigated in some detail. the number of aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria, oil degrading and sulphate reducing bacteria were quantified during simulated spills on a salt marsh. the sediment fatty acid composition was also studied using GC-MS analysis. Degradation of linseed and sunflower oils was concomitant with an increase in the numbers of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Fatty acids analysis revealed preferential degradation of the principal components of the oils (18:3ω3 for linseed oil and 18:2ω6 for sunflower oil). the presence of several isomers of the usual polyunsaturated fatty acids was also detected. the identification of some of these new fatty acids has been carried out. Possible pathways of degradation of these vegetable oils are suggested.     

生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及根系分泌物的影响

生物有机肥通过调节微生物群落多样性来改善土壤生态环境,而根际微生物生态环境变化取决于根系分泌物的种类和数量.研究通过盆栽试验和离位溶液培养法研究了生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及香蕉根系分泌物的影响.结果表明,生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病的防病效果高于有机肥和不施肥处理,生物有机肥和有机肥防病效果分别达到55.4%和28.5%;香蕉根系分泌物中低分子量有机酸包括草酸、苹果酸和反丁烯二酸,以草酸为主,ρ(草酸)占ρ(有机酸总量)的百分比为83.6%~93.0%;生物有机肥比有机肥更显著降低香蕉根系分泌物中ρ(苹果酸)、ρ(反丁烯二酸)和ρ(有机酸总量),不同处理处理根系分泌物的ρ(有机酸)依次为:有机肥>生物有机肥>不施肥;生物有机肥处理的氨基酸种类和质量浓度最大,有机肥次之,生物有机肥处理中根系分泌物的ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)、ρ(β-丙氨酸)、ρ(a-氨基丁酸)、ρ(谷氨酸)、ρ(天冬氨酸)和ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)均显著高于有机肥和不施肥处理;生物有机肥处理的主要氨基酸[各氨基酸质量浓度占ρ(氨基酸总量)的百分比大于5%]有磷酸丝氨酸、苏氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、乙醇氨和肌肽,其中ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)和ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)显著高于不施肥和有机肥处理;香蕉枯萎病病情指数与ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)、ρ(丝氨酸)、ρ(异亮氨酸)呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.99、-0.98和-0.95,与ρ(鹅肌肽)呈极显著正相关,相关系数为1.00.生物有机肥降低了根系分泌物中有机酸的质量浓度,增加了氨基酸的种类和质量浓度,且香蕉枯萎病病情指数与根系分泌物中一些氨基酸质量浓度存在显著相关性,这可能是生物有机肥在香蕉枯萎病防治中起作用的原因之一.     

矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化的影响

通过向剩余污泥发酵系统中加入不同剂量的矿化垃圾的方法,探究了矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化过程的影响.结果表明,添加1/3g/g TSS(总悬浮固体)剂量以内的矿化垃圾能显著提高WAS的水解、酸化过程,且矿化垃圾的最佳投加量为1/3g/g TSS,在此条件下,试验组SCOD/TCOD以及最大产酸量(183.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为6d)均高于空白组(79.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为10d).机理研究表明,矿化垃圾能够促进污泥的溶解、蛋白质和多糖的水解以及氨基酸和葡萄糖的酸化.在投加矿化垃圾的反应体系中与水解、酸化有关酶的活性也均高于空白试验组,进一步证实了矿化垃圾能够强化污泥厌氧发酵的水解酸化反应.     

蒽醌类物质经多相类芬顿预处理前后对活性污泥特性的影响

以活性艳蓝与大黄酸为蒽醌类目标污染物,分析了其经多相类芬顿预处理前后的可生化性及对活性污泥胞外聚合物、胞内物质、脱氢酶活性、脲酶活性、微生物群落的影响.Zahn-Wellens试验表明,活性艳蓝与大黄酸不能被活性污泥有效降解,而经过多相类芬顿预处理后,其呼吸曲线均在内源呼吸线以上,去除率分别达到了84.44%和86.72%.加入蒽醌类污染物后,活性污泥胞外聚合物的三维荧光光谱中,酪氨酸蛋白的吸收峰强度降低,胞内物质的红外光谱中氨基峰变宽;而经多相类芬顿预处理后,对活性污泥特性的影响不明显.加入活性艳蓝与大黄酸后,活性污泥脲酶相对活性仍保持在80%以上,但脱氢酶活性出现了降低,特别是加入大黄酸后,相对活性仅为67.5%左右.同时活性污泥的微生物群落发生了变化,Gram Positive分别由原来的40.15%增大到了47.72%和45.78%,而Gram Negative分别由原来的39.57%减少到37%和37.15%.但加入预处理后的蒽醌类污染物,未对活性污泥的微生物群落造成明显影响.     

污泥厌氧发酵液燃料电池的性能及电子供体分析

采用剩余污泥厌氧发酵液为阳极燃料、铁氰化钾溶液为阴极电子受体,成功启动了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC).考察了厌氧发酵过程中剩余污泥上清液中各种挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)含量的变化,研究分析了污泥厌氧发酵液燃料电池的产电过程、燃料消耗及电子供体. 结果表明,污泥厌氧发酵液中乙酸含量最高(约占总VFAs的50%),异戊酸和丙酸含量次之(分别约占总VFAs的18%及15%),正丁酸和异丁酸含量较少(均低于总VFAs的10%),正戊酸含量最低(低于总VFAs的1%);MFC实现了250h稳定电压输出(0.65±0.05V),库伦效率为9.09%;阳极总化学需氧量(TCOD)、溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、VFAs均呈现整体下降趋势, TCOD和SCOD的去除率分别为74.9%和86.4%; VFAs的完全消耗伴随着反应器产电性能迅速变差,表明VFAs是主要电子供体;在MFC产电过程中, VFAs的消耗与产生同时存在,消耗总体快于产生;各种VFAs消耗快慢依次为:乙酸>正丁酸>丙酸>正戊酸>异戊酸>异丁酸.     

Influencing mechanism of high solid concentration on anaerobic mono-digestion of sewage sludge without agitation

High-solids anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was a promising process, but high solid concentration negatively influenced methane production. The influencing mechanism was systematically analyzed in this study through a series of static anaerobic digestion experiments at total solids (TS) contents of 3%–15%. The results showed that TS 6% was the boundary between low-solids and high-solids anaerobic digestion, and the accumulative methane yield decreased exponentially when TS increased from 6% to 15%. The performance of anaerobic digestion was directly determined by the efficiency of mass transfer, and the relation between methane yield and sludge diffusive coefficients was well described by a power function. Thus, the increasing TS resulted in an exponential increase in sludge viscosity but an exponential decrease in diffusive coefficient. The blocked mass transfer led to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and free ammonia. Acetic metabolism was the main process, whereas butyric and propionic metabolisms occurred at the initial stage of high-solids anaerobic digestion. The concentration of VFAs reached the maximum at the initial stage, which were still lower than the threshold influencing methanogens. The concentration of free ammonia increased gradually, and the methanogenesis was inhibited when free ammonia nitrogen exceeded 50 mg·L⁻¹. Consequently, the deterioration of high-solids anaerobic digestion was related to the blocked mass transfer and the resulting ammonia accumulation.     

太湖北部水体溶解性氨基酸分布特征及其环境意义

为探讨溶解性氨基酸(DAAs)在太湖水体中作为指示有机质来源及降解特征生物标记物的可能性,对太湖北部不同水域2种分子量级(胶体态:1kDa~0.5mm;真溶解态:<1kDa)的DAAs的空间分布、分子量分布、组成变化及对DOM的相对贡献等方面进行了调查研究.结果表明,太湖水体DAAs大多数以真溶解态存在,平均占DAAs的90%.不同湖区DAAs的含量及分子量组成不同,梅梁湾污染河口区、中心区、湾口区及太湖湖心区DAAs的含量分别为14.5, 34.7, 59.8, 24.0nmol/L,其中真溶解态的比例分别为94%, 88%, 89%及90%. DAAs的空间分布说明太湖的浮游生物内源是太湖DAAs的主要来源.组氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸是现存的主要氨基酸.氨基酸的成分变化能反映有机质从高分子量向低分子量转变的降解趋势,可作为指示溶解性有机质(DOM)降解的生物标记物.氨基酸碳(AA-C)与溶解性有机碳(DOC)的比值可以作为DOM生物降解性的评价参数,反映湖泊水体中与生物活性相关的DOM动态变化.     

软脂酸和硬脂酸对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用

研究了软脂酸和硬脂酸对产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长的抑制效应,比较了长链饱和脂肪酸抑藻的构效关系。选用的藻种是购于中国科学院水生生物研究所的产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-912,且实验藻种处于对数生长期。软脂酸和硬脂酸在藻液中的4种最终质量浓度为：30、60、90和120mg·L-1。实验周期为6d,每天定时定量取藻液,测量A（650nm）,叶绿素a含量,藻蓝蛋白含量。实验结束后,采用SPSS（13.0版本）软件和DPS（7.05版本）分析加入这2种脂肪酸的藻液的3个指标与空白对照之间的差异显著性。结果表明,2种饱和脂肪酸的4种质量浓度对产毒铜绿微囊藻均有显著的抑制作用,浓度越大,抑藻效果越明显。其中,2种饱和脂肪酸在相同浓度的条件下,软脂酸比硬脂酸的抑制作用要明显。实验技术方面有2个创新点：①因为长链饱和脂肪酸无法溶于蒸馏水,实验采用乙醇来溶解脂肪酸。②因为溶于乙醇的长链饱和脂肪酸溶液无法用高压灭菌锅灭菌,实验采用微孔滤膜对脂肪酸溶液进行灭菌。     

交替冻融对东北典型土壤腐殖质的影响

以受季节性冻融过程影响显著的东北地区的黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土为例,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究交替冻融循环过程（分别在-20℃和20℃下处理）对土壤腐殖质的影响。研究表明：交替冻融后,黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质质量分数分别增加了39%和28%,HA/FA分别上升了45%和35%;水稻土松结态腐殖质质量分数和HA/FA分别下降了18%和31%。三维荧光结果进一步验证,黑土、暗棕壤在交替冻融中土壤芳香化程度增高,HA/FA上升,而水稻土则相反。黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质和HA/FA升高,主要是微生物分解作用和土壤大团聚体破坏等原因造成,水稻土松结态腐殖质和HA/FA降低,主要是水稻土的缺氧环境造成。