Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) in surface and tap water around Lake Taihu in China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are ubiquitously distributed in the environment mainly as perfluoro-carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs). In this paper, six PFCAs and two PFASs were quantified in surface and tap water samples from 12 sites around Lake Taihu near Shanghai City in East China. Predominant PFCs were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), of which the concentration ranges were 6.8–206 and 1.2–45 ng·L⁻¹, the geometric means were 35.3 and 9.4 ng·L⁻¹, and the median (quartile range) values were 31.4 (34.4) and 10.4 (10.7) ng·L⁻¹, respectively. Other PFCs were also detected but in much lower concentrations than PFOA. The sources of the PFCs were expected to be direct industrial discharges in the Lake Taihu area, and this area was also a possible source of PFCs contaminations in Shanghai district in the downstream. PFCs distributions were found different in the upstream, downstream and north part of Lake Taihu. Occurrences of PFCs in the tap water in Lake Taihu area indicated their exposure to the local people. A brief estimation of the environmental risks by PFCs implied no acute or immediate risks from PFCs to local human health, but chronic risks from PFOA in the tap water should be considered in the downstream regions.     

微生物降解褐煤产生的腐植酸化学特性研究

本文对微生物降解褐煤产生的腐植酸的化学特性进行了分析.结果表明,褐煤经微生物降解后其腐植酸与降解前相比,氢和氧百分含量增加,碳百分含量减少,分子量减小 ,而絮凝极限明显增大,红外吸收光谱也发生明显变化.     

Gangba sheep in the Tibetan plateau: Validating their unique meat quality and grazing factor analysis

Gangba sheep are known for having typical sensory characteristics attributed to free range conditions and grazing on wild plants. The genuine Gangba mutton was selected as the experimental group, and the commercial Tibetan mutton was selected as the control group, the nutritive composition of basic chemical components, amino acids and fatty acids in mutton were investigated to correlate its unique meat quality and eating satisfaction. The results showed that fatty acids were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Gangba mutton than in commercial mutton, and the higher content of flavoring amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartame) were primarily responsible for the taste attributes umami of meat juices. Moreover, the trace elements analysis in mutton and grazing factors (forage, water source and soil) were conducted, to explain the source of essential trace elements in mutton. The concentrations of essential trace elements show that the Gangba mutton was a valuable source for highly available Cu and Zn in human nutrition, and well managed with few detected of toxicity metal. The concentrations of essential trace elements in mutton are closely related to the trace elements in environmental grazing factors. In conclusion, the congenital grazing conditions (a highly mineralized water resource, natural forages and clean soils) were shown to contribute to the unique meat characteristics of Gangba sheep.     

几种低分子量有机酸对红壤中DDTs类物质释放动力学的影响

采用自行设计的动力学试验装置,系统研究了3种低分子量有机酸(草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸)和水对红壤中滴滴涕(DDTs)类物质的释放动力学行为.结果表明:10 mmol/L的低分子量有机酸可使DDTs类物质的释放百分率相对于水提高15～18个百分点,特别在淋洗液的前250mL更为明显.水对DDTs类物质的释放动力学数据可用表观一级动力学方程很好拟合(R²>0.99,p<0.000 1),说明DDTs的释放可能以土壤矿物表面扩散为主,而有机酸存在体系中的该类物质的释放却更好符合抛物线方程、双常数方程,说明低分子量有机酸的存在使DDTs的释放机理复杂化,这可能与有机酸对矿物的溶解、对矿物表面固有有机质结构的干扰有关.     

Spectroscopic changes on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent caused by sun irradiation

Large volumes of wastewater with a high organic load are generated by the pulp and paper industry that negatively affect the quality of receiving waters. The main waste products in the pulp mill effluents are lignin derived macromolecular compounds, which are similar to natural humic substances and very resistant to wastewater treatments. Fulvic acids (FA) represent the higher percentage of these humic substances and it was observed that solar irradiation modify their properties. Several analytic tools, namely, UV–Visible, molecular fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, were used to assess the effect of solar exposition on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent. It may be concluded that sun irradiation may alter to a high extent the physicochemical properties of macromolecular organic matter, namely fulvic acids, released by kraft pulp mill effluents. After solar exposition, the aromaticity decreases, the aliphatic structures become more oxygenated, and the fulvic acids from the pulp mill effluent remaining in solution are more similar to aquatic fulvic acids from non polluted sites.     

Triphenyltin alters lipid homeostasis in females of the ramshorn snail Marisa cornuarietis

Molluscs are sensitive species to the toxic effects of organotin compounds, particularly to masculinisation. Both tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) have been recently shown to bind to mollusc retinoid X receptor (RXR). If RXR is involved in lipid homeostasis, exposure to TPT would have an immediate effect on endogenous lipids. To test this hypothesis, the ramshorn snail Marisa cornuarietis was exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TPT (30, 125, 500 ng/L as Sn) in a semi-static water regime for 7 days. Percentage of lipids and total fatty acid content decreased significantly in TPT-exposed females while the activity of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase, involved in fatty acid catabolism, increased. In addition, fatty acid profiles (carbon chain length and unsaturation degree) were significantly altered in exposed females but not in males. This work highlights the ability of TPT to disrupt lipid metabolism in M. cornuarietis at environmentally realistic concentrations and the higher susceptibility of females in comparison to males.     

生活污水中蛋白质测试方法研究

分别用Folin-酚改进法、考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法等3种测试方法测试了上海市某小区生活污水中的蛋白质含量,对这3种测试方法进行了比较,并采用氨基酸仪分析了生活污水中蛋白质水解后的氨基酸化学组成.试验结果表明,Folin-酚改进法测试蛋白质浓度的准确性与精确性优于考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法,可用于测定生活污水中蛋白质的浓度;氨基酸仪法测得该生活污水中含有17种氨基酸,其中最多的为谷氨酸(3.6 mg/L),含量最低的是脯氨酸(0.8 mg/L);所测生活污水中蛋白质COD占总COD的18.9%.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

营养盐对三角褐指藻脂肪酸含量与百分组成的影响

通过对三角褐指藻分别大硅不足、维生素不足、氮不忠 、磷不足等不同营养盐条件下增养的对比试验。发现随氮营养盐不足加剧,ＴＰＵＦＡ含量大幅度下降,由对照组４２．１３％降至２９．８６％（５０％Ｎ）和２０．１７％（５％Ｎ）,ＥＰＡ含量则由对照组２１．４１％降至１２．９４％（５０Ｎ）和１０．５４％（５％Ｎ）。磷不足能导至ＴＦＡ的增加和积累,但ＴＰＵＦＡ（包括ＥＰＡ）占总脂肪酸的百分比却呈现下降趋势。硅不足和     

腐殖酸对苯并三唑的吸附动力学及热力学研究

HA(腐殖酸)是土壤和沉积物中有机质的重要组成部分,能在很大程度上影响有机污染物的环境行为和毒理效应. 采用批量平衡法研究了BT(苯并三唑)在HA上的吸附动力学、等温吸附和吸附热力学等内容,结果表明:拟二级动力学能较好地描述BT在HA上的吸附行为,吸附过程分为快速吸附阶段和慢速吸附阶段,但主要以快速吸附为主;0~40min为快速吸附阶段,吸附总量占平衡吸附量的89.0%以上. 吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich模型,R2均在0.9996以上. 初始ρ(BT)为300.0mg/L时,温度由288.15K升至308.15K,吸附量从15.70g/kg降至11.58g/kg,减少了26.24%. 此外,ΔH0(吸附焓变)为-30.19kJ/mol,说明吸附过程为放热反应;ΔG0(吉布斯自由能变)小于零,说明反应是自发的. 吸附反应的E_a(活化能)为19.35kJ/mol,表明吸附属于物理吸附.