氨基酸强化饵料对锦鲤诱食活性的影响

选择极具观赏性质的杂食性鱼类——锦鲤作为实验研究对象,以12种氨基酸分别配成浓度为0.05mol/L的氨基酸溶液为诱食剂,采用摄食行为学方法(触球法和迷宫法)作为试验方法,记录实验数据,并用Excel和SPSS软件进行分析。结果表明,甘氨酸P=0.0110.05、组氨酸P=0.0080.05、精氨酸P=0.0280.05,说明甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸对锦鲤的引诱效果具有显著的统计意义。     

厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸源谱特征分析

对厦门城区大气颗粒物PM10中有机酸的可能来源,如烹调油烟、生物质燃烧颗粒、汽车尾气和土壤/路面扬尘等4种不同排放源,采用再悬浮混合箱得到PM10样品.采用BF3/正丁醇衍生-GC/MS分析方法,测定了包括二元羧酸、脂肪酸和芳香酸共15种有机酸.结果表明,烹调油烟中有机酸的含量远高于其它颗粒物,最高可达53%,其中亚油酸和油酸的含量最高,为24%±14%;而汽车尾气颗粒物中乙二酸的含量最高,其次为邻苯二甲酸Ph;汽油燃烧颗粒物中己二酸与壬二酸的比值显著高于其它样品,可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的人为和生物来源的定性判断.除发电机排放样品外,其它样品中丙二酸与丁二酸的比值(0.07～0.44)远低于环境样品中该比值范围(0.61～3.93),表明丙二酸与丁二酸的比值可用于环境大气中二元羧酸的一次/二次来源的定性判断.     

广州秋季灰霾污染过程大气颗粒物有机酸的污染特征

收集广州秋季一个灰霾过程大气颗粒物昼夜样品,进行了26种脂肪酸和8种二元羧酸的定量分析(GC/MS).结果表明,大气脂肪酸和二元羧酸的污染水平较高.灰霾与非灰霾期间脂肪酸和二元羧酸浓度之比分别为1.9和2.5.污染上升过程脂肪酸和二元羧酸晚上浓度(653 ng.m-3)高于白天浓度(487 ng.m-3),而在污染降低过程,白天脂肪酸和二元羧酸浓度(412 ng.m-3)要高于晚上浓度(336 ng.m-3).采样期间二元羧酸和脂肪酸日均值浓度总体上与颗粒物和碳质组分的变化趋势一致.脂肪酸和二元羧酸与有机碳比值大体上与颗粒物污染成反比,比值随着大气颗粒物的增加而降低,27号晚上之后,随着颗粒物的降低而开始增加,说明有机酸主要以直接排放为主,而灰霾对有机酸的富集有明显抑制作用.基于特征比值法(C3/C4)及相关性分析,表明秋季灰霾污染过程脂肪酸和二元羧酸都是以一次排放为主.     

猪场废水厌氧消化液后处理过程中DOM变化特征

为了快速表征猪场废水厌氧消化液的后处理过程中有机物的特性变化,利用离子色谱、荧光光谱和紫外光谱方法对水解酸化-好氧反应器内溶解性有机物(DOM)时空变化进行了系统分析.水解酸化反应器进水2 h和循环1 h后,有机酸产生的总量分别达到283.6 mg/L和305.5 mg/L,随后降低,并稳定在200 mg/L左右,而在...     

戴云山南坡不同海拔森林土壤微生物群落结构特征和影响因素

土壤微生物作为森林生态系统主要驱动力,是影响生态系统物质循环和养分转化的重要因素.探讨不同海拔和季节森林土壤微生物群落的分布规律,对理解土壤生态过程和预测土壤生态系统功能具有重要研究意义.以戴云山南坡不同海拔森林土壤(海拔900～1 500 m)为研究对象,探讨夏季和冬季不同海拔土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性,揭示驱动土壤微生物群落变化的主要因素.结果表明：(1)夏季土壤微生物群落中革兰氏阳性菌含量最高,冬季土壤真菌含量最高,海拔1 200 m处土壤总磷脂脂肪酸含量均高于其它海拔.随海拔升高,冬季土壤微生物群落中土壤真菌群比细菌群占据更大优势.(2)冗余分析表明,夏季7个海拔土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量主要受环境因子和地形因子共同作用,累计解释量达56.72%;冬季土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸含量主要受环境因子驱动,单独解释量达52.23%,环境因子和地形因子累计解释量为55.37%.(3)土壤全碳含量、土壤pH和多酚氧化酶是驱动夏季土壤微生物群落变化的主要因子;土壤有效磷、全钾、全碳含量和土壤pH是驱动冬季土壤微生物群落变化的主要因子.     

长期施肥对稻田土壤微生物量、群落结构和活性的影响

以湖南省宁乡县长期定位施肥试验为平台,选取不施肥(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(ST)和有机肥+化肥(OM)这4种处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术和MicroRespTM方法,研究了长期施肥对水稻土微生物量、群落结构及活性的影响.结果表明,细菌、真菌、革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量均表现为OMSTNPKCK;PLFA主成分分析表明,相比CK处理,NPK、ST和OM处理中微生物的群落结构均发生了改变,特别是ST和OM处理变化更为显著.MicroRespTM结果表明,相比CK处理(1.28μg·h~(-1)),OM处理的土壤微生物对碳源平均利用率最高(1.81μg·h~(-1)),ST处理(1.19μg·h~(-1))次之,NPK处理(0.95μg·h~(-1))最低.不同施肥处理土壤微生物对不同碳源利用的偏好情况存在明显差异.当碳源底物为酮戊二酸、半乳糖和赖氨酸时,不同施肥处理土壤微生物对不同碳源利用差异十分明显.因此,长期化肥配合秸秆还田或配施有机肥显著改善土壤养分含量和土壤微生物量、微生物群落结构和活性,对于培肥地力和优化土壤微生物群落极为重要.     

全氟羧酸在185 nm真空紫外光下的降解研究

以全氟辛酸为代表的全氟羧酸是一类新的持久性有机污染物,广泛地存在于各种环境介质.研究了全氟辛酸、全氟庚酸、全氟己酸、全氟戊酸和全氟丁酸等5种全氟羧酸在185 nm真空紫外光下的光降解行为,以发展1种有效降解全氟羧酸的方法.结果表明,全氟羧酸在185 nm紫外光照下发生显著地降解并生成氟离子,而在254 nm紫外光照下降解不明显. 反应6h后, 全氟丁酸降解率达到60%以上;而其它4种全氟羧酸的降解率达到90%以上,脱氟率在21%～71%之间,表现出随碳链增长而降低的趋势. 氮气、空气、氧气等3种反应气氛对全氟羧酸在185 nm紫外光下的降解与脱氟没有显著影响. LC/MS分析表明,全氟辛酸光降解时逐级生成短链的全氟庚酸、全氟己酸、全氟戊酸和全氟丁酸. 全氟羧酸在185 nm光照下首先发生脱羧反应,脱羧后的自由基与水反应生成少1个碳原子的全氟羧酸和氟离子.     

Comparative acute freshwater hazard assessment and preliminary PNEC development for eight fluorinated acids

Short-term 48, 72 and 96-h aquatic toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of eight fluorinated acids to the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, the green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss or the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. The eight fluorinated acids studied were tridecafluorohexyl ethanoic acid (6:2 FTCA), heptadecafluorooctyl ethanoic acid (8:2 FTCA), 2H-dodecafluoro-2-octenoic acid (6:2 FTUCA), 2H-hexadecafluoro-2-decenoic acid (8:2 FTUCA), 2H,2H,3H,3H-undecafluoro octanoic acid (5:3 acid), 2H,2H,3H,3H-pentadecafluoro decanoic acid (7:3 acid), n-perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and n-perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). The results of the acute toxicity tests conducted during this study suggest that the polyfluorinated acids, 8:2 FTCA, 8:2 FTUCA, 6:2 FTCA, 6:2 FTUCA, 7:3 acid and 5:3 acid, and the perfluorinated acids PFPeA and PFDA, are generally of low to medium concern based on evaluation of their acute freshwater toxicity (EC/LC50s typically between 1 and >100 mg L⁻¹) using the USEPA TSCA aquatic toxicity evaluation paradigm. For the polyfluorinated acids, aquatic toxicity generally decreased as the number of fluorinated carbons decreased and as the overall carbon chain length decreased from 12 to 8. Acute aquatic toxicity of the 5 and 10 carbon perfluorocarboxylic acids (EC/LC50s between 10.6 and >100 mg L⁻¹) was greater or similar to that of the 6-9 carbon perfluorocarboxylic acids (EC/LC50s > 96.5 mg L⁻¹). This study also provides the first report of the acute aquatic toxicity of the 5:3 acid (EC/LC50s of 22.5 to >103 mg L⁻¹) which demonstrated less aquatic toxicity than the 7:3 acid (EC/LC50s of 0.4-32 mg L⁻¹). The cladoceran, D. magna and the green alga, P. subcapitata had generally similar EC50 values for a given substance while fish were typically equally or less sensitive with the exception that PFPeA was most toxic to fish. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were estimated using approaches consistent with REACH guidance and when compared with available environmental concentrations, these PNECs suggest that the fluorinated acids tested pose little risk for aquatic organisms.     

酚酸和不饱和脂肪酸对铜绿微囊藻的联合作用

采用相加指数法和半致死剂量指数法,评价3种酚酸类和1种不饱和脂肪酸类化感物质对铜绿微囊藻的联合作用效果.结果表明,单独作用时,邻苯二酚、联苯三酚、没食子酸和亚油酸的72 h EC50分别为2.100、11.101、18.468和3.670 m.gL^-1;通过等效浓度（1∶1）两两混合后,综合两种评价方法的结果,邻苯二...     

A novel strategy for gas mitigation during swine manure odour treatment using seaweed and a microbial consortium

• Comprehensive mitigation of gas emissions from swine manure was investigated. • Additives addition for mitigation of gas from the manure has been developed. • Sargassum horneri, seaweed masking strategy controlled gas by 90%-100%. • Immediate reduction in emitted gas and improving air quality has been determined. • Microbial consortium with seaweed completely controlled gas emissions by 100%. Gas emissions from swine farms have an impact on air quality in the Republic of Korea. Swine manure stored in deep pits for a long time is a major source of harmful gas emissions. Therefore, we evaluated the mitigation of emissions of ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and amine gases from swine manure with biological products such as seaweed (Sargassum horneri) and a microbial consortium (Bacillus subtilis (1.2 × 10⁹ CFU/mL), Thiobacillus sp. (1.0 × 10¹⁰ CFU/mL) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.0 × 10⁹ CFU/mL)) used as additives due to their promising benefits for nutrient cycling. Overall, seaweed powder masking over two days provided notable control of over 98%-100% of the gas emissions. Furthermore, significant control of gas emissions was especially pronounced when seaweed powder masking along with a microbial consortium was applied, resulting in a gas reduction rate of 100% for NH₃, amines and H₂S over 10 days of treatment. The results also suggested that seaweed powder masking and a microbial consortium used in combination to reduce the gas emissions from swine manure reduced odour compared with that observed when the two additives were used alone. Without the consortium, seaweed decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The proposed novel method of masking with a microbial consortium is promising for mitigating hazardous gases, simple, and environmentally beneficial. More research is warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying the seaweed and substrate interactions.