Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

微好氧水解酸化在石化废水预处理中的应用研究

应用微好氧水解酸化技术对北方某石化污水厂进行了改造,投产后对其进行了跟踪监测.结果表明,在进水COD为490.3~673.2 mg·L-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h以及溶解氧(DO)控制在0.2~0.35 mg·L-1条件下,监测阶段内COD的平均去除率为11.7%,出水和进水相比,BOD5/COD提高了12.4%,UV254值降低了11.2%,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度升高了23.0%.相对分子质量分布测定和好氧生物降解性试验结果表明:石化废水采用微好氧水解酸化预处理后,小分子有机物(1×103)所占比例由59.5%提高至82.1%,而大分子有机物(100×103)所占比例由31.8%降低到14.0%.经微好氧水解酸化预处理后降解性有显著提高,原水COD经48 h好氧处理可降至102.2 mg·L-1,而微好氧水解酸化出水COD经48 h好氧处理可降解至71.5 mg·L-1.微好氧水解酸化出水的SO2-4浓度[(930.7±60.1)mg·L-1]高于进水[(854.3±41.5)mg·L-1],表明微好氧环境对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)有抑制作用.由于硫酸盐的还原受到抑制,减少有毒和恶臭类气体产生,改善了周围环境.     

Road to full bioconversion of biowaste to biochemicals centering on chain elongation: A mini review

Production of biochemicals from waste streams has been attracting increasing worldwide interest to achieve climate protection goals. Chain elongation(CE) for production of mediumchain carboxylic acids(MCCAs, especially caproate, enanthate and caprylate) from diverse biowaste has emerged as a potential economic and environmental technology for a sustainable society. The present mini review summarizes the research utilizing various synthetic or real waste-derived substrates available for MCCA production. Additionally, the microbial characteristics of the CE process are surveyed and discussed. Considering that a large proportion of recalcitrantly biodegradable biowaste and residues cannot be further utilized by CE systems and remain to be treated and disposed, we propose here a loop concept of bioconversion of biowaste to MCCAs making full use of the biowaste with zero emission. This could make possible an alternative technology for synthesis of value-added products from a wide range of biowaste, or even non-biodegradable waste(such as, plastics and rubbers). Meanwhile, the remaining scientific questions, unsolved problems, application potential and possible developments for this technology are discussed.     

UPLC法同时快速测定湿地土壤中的五种低分子量有机酸

研究了超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法同时测定湿地土壤中柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸、酒石酸和丁二酸等5种有机酸的方法,并测定了武昌湖、巢湖和鄱阳湖湿地土壤样品中的有机酸组成含量,为揭示有机酸在土壤-植物-根际环境中的转运、分配和分泌提供理论依据。结果表明：利用UPLC法可以快速地分离5种有机酸,比HPLC分离时间缩短1倍左右;各有机酸的加标回收率为99.17%～103.55%,相对标准偏差为0.48%～1.92%,检测限为0.05～0.18 mg/kg,该方法线性关系优良（R²>0.997）;除了鄱阳湖湿地土壤样品的酒石酸未能检测出,其他湿地土壤样品中的5种有机酸都能检测出;不同湿地土壤样品的优势有机酸种类不同,武昌湖湿地土壤中的柠檬酸和苹果酸对有机酸总量贡献较大,巢湖湿地土壤中的柠檬酸对有机酸总量的贡献最大,鄱阳湖湿地土壤中丁二酸占有机酸总量的比例小于10%;湿地土壤有机酸含量多集中在土壤深度为30～50 cm处,这与该区域植物根系分布及微生物活性较高有关。     

环胶州湾污水处理厂排放口溶解有机氮生物可利用潜力研究

溶解有机氮(DON)是陆源输入近海总溶解氮(TDN)的重要组成部分,其生物可利用性对探讨近海氮污染和富营养化形成机制具有重要意义.本研究根据2012年7月、2012年11月、2013年3月和2013年5月在胶州湾海域4个污水处理厂进行的4次调查,分析了直排胶州湾污水处理厂水体中总溶解氮(TDN)及其中总溶解氨基酸(TDAA)的含量和季节分布特征,并以溶解有机碳n(DOC)/溶解有机氮n(DON)和氨基酸的构成和丰度为指标,评价了直排胶州湾各污水处理厂排放口DON的生物可利用性.结果表明,TDN的变化范围为413.10~3 580.65μmol·L~(-1),并基本呈现3月和11月高,5月和7月低的变化趋势,其中,DON在TDN中所占摩尔分数变化范围为2.14%~88.75%.各污水处理厂排放口不同季节DOC/DON值较低,介于0.2~26.2 mol·mol~(-1)之间,平均值为(5.05±6.39)mol·mol~(-1),而TDAA中所含碳在DOC中的摩尔分数即TDAA/DOC值较高,分布在0.33%~3.02%之间,平均值为1.54%±0.78%,基于TDAA/DOC估算排入胶州湾各污水处理厂排放口污水中具有生物可利用溶解有机质所占摩尔分数为0.44%~46.97%.上述结果表明,直排胶州湾污水处理厂排放口DON具有较高的生物可利用性,对该海域富营养化贡献不容忽视.     

低分子有机酸对硫杆菌活性的抑制作用及对土壤重金属脱除的影响

施用有机肥能够降低污染土壤重金属溶解性和生物可利用性,但在淹水厌氧等环境中,有机肥会分解产生大量低分子有机酸,会抑制嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物活性.通过摇瓶实验研究了低分子有机酸对硫杆菌的毒害抑制效果和不同硫杆菌对各类有机酸的耐受水平.结果表明,纯体系培养下,A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans活性抑制率在72 h内达到90%以上,所需甲、乙、丙、丁酸最低浓度分别为41.2、78.3、43.2、123.4 mg·L~(-1)和81.9、230.4、170.1、123.4 mg·L~(-1).其中,甲酸对A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans的抑制作用最显著,A.thiooxidans相比A.ferrooxidans对4种有机酸具有更高的耐受性.新鲜重金属污染土壤在生物酸化初期(0 h)加入4种有机酸对后续土壤酸化过程影响较小,但12 h后加入有机酸却能使土壤生物酸化基本停止,导致土壤重金属脱除率大幅度下降.这为有机肥改良重金属污染土壤的生物修复可行性提供一定理论依据.     

Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected watersystems: A critical review

This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analyticalmethods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference between themeasured free and total chlorine concentrations), andmay include N-chloramines, N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that formduring disinfection are unstable,which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines. However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed frommany different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.     

Case study approach to modeling historical disinfection by-product exposure in Iowa drinking waters

In the 1980 s, a case–control epidemiologic study was conducted in Iowa(USA) to analyze the association between exposure to disinfection by-products(DBPs) and bladder cancer risk. Trihalomethanes(THMs), the most commonly measured and dominant class of DBPs in drinking water, served as a primary metric and surrogate for the full DBP mixture.Average THM exposure was calculated, based on rough estimates of past levels in Iowa. To reduce misclassification, a follow-up study was undertaken to improve estimates of past THM levels and to re-evaluate their association with cancer risk. In addition, the risk associated with haloacetic acids, another class of DBPs, was examined. In the original analysis, surface water treatment plants were assigned one of two possible THM levels depending on the point of chlorination. The re-assessment considered each utility treating surface or groundwater on a case-by-case basis. Multiple treatment/disinfection scenarios and water quality parameters were considered with actual DBP measurements to develop estimates of past levels. The highest annual average THM level in the re-analysis was156 μg/L compared to 74 μg/L for the original analysis. This allowed the analysis of subjects exposed at higher levels( 96 μg/L). The re-analysis established a new approach, based on case studies and an understanding of the water quality and operational parameters that impact DBP formation, for determining historical exposure.     

Effects of halobenzoquinone and haloacetic acid water disinfection byproducts on human neural stem cells

Human neural stem cells(h NSCs) are a useful tool to assess the developmental effects of various environmental contaminants; however, the application of h NSCs to evaluate water disinfection byproducts(DBPs) is scarce. Comprehensive toxicological results are essential to the prioritization of DBPs for further testing and regulation. Therefore, this study examines the effects of DBPs on the proliferation and differentiation of h NSCs. Prior to DBP treatment, characteristic protein markers of h NSCs from passages 3 to 6 were carefully examined and it was determined that h NSCs passaged 3 or 4 times maintained stem cell characteristics and can be used for DBP analysis. Two regulated DBPs, monobromoacetic acid(BAA) and monochloroacetic acid(CAA), and two emerging DBPs, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DBBQ) and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ), were chosen for h NSC treatment. Both 2,6-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced cell cycle arrest at S-phase at concentrations up to 1 μmol/L. Comparatively, BAA and CAA at 0.5 μmol/L affected neural differentiation. These results suggest DBP-dependent effects on h NSC proliferation and differentiation. The DBP-induced cell cycle arrest and inhibition of normal h NSC differentiation demonstrate the need to assess the developmental neurotoxicity of DBPs.     

低分子有机酸对三峡库区沉积物吸附Pb2+影响研究

以长江三峡库区万州段消落带区的沉积物为研究对象,通过等温吸附平衡实验研究不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸对沉积物吸附Pb2+的影响.实验结果表明:消落带沉积物对Pb2+的吸附量随着Pb2+离子平衡浓度的增加而增大,Pb2+平衡浓度在0.08～80 mg/L时,其最大吸附量为8 762.00 mg/Kg.不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸会在不同程度上抑制沉积物对Pb2+吸附,2 mmol/L柠檬酸对沉积物吸附Pb2+的能力是浓度为4 mmol/L时的1.12倍,草酸条件下为1.02倍.即高浓度的低分子有机酸抑制消落带沉积物对Pb2+的吸附.