泰山夏季PM2.5中二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成及来源

为研究泰山夏季大气PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸类化合物的浓度水平、分子组成及来源,于2014年7~8月在泰山山顶进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,分析其二元羧酸类化合物、生物源二次有机气溶胶的示踪物(异戊二烯、α-/β-蒎烯及β-石竹烯的氧化产物)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)及无机离子.结果表明,泰山夏季PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸的总浓度为(376±189)ng·m-3,其中草酸(C2)的浓度最高,其次是丙二酸(C3)、丁二酸(C4)和壬二酸(C9).泰山地区二元羧酸总浓度高于海洋地区,但低于城市和其他高山地区,表明受人为污染影响较小.C2/C4、C3/C4和F/M比值表明二元羧酸主要来自光化学氧化,且氧化程度较深.C9占二元羧酸的相对含量、C9/C6和C9/Ph比值均高于城市、海洋与高山地区,表明泰山地区SOA主要受生物源的影响,而非人为源.通过与模式估算值的对比及相关性分析,进一步表明泰山夏季二元羧酸类SOA主要受当地生物源光化学氧化的影响.     

不同给水处理单元对卤乙酸及前提物的去除

以某自来水厂的水处理工艺为研究对象,考察了各单元对卤乙酸(H AAs)和卤乙酸前提物(H AAFP)的去除效果。结果表明:常规处理单元(混凝、沉淀、过滤)对H AAs几乎没有去除,活性炭(GAC)对二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)的去除率分别是70%和43%,对二氯乙酸前提物(DCAAFP)和三氯乙酸前提物(TCAAFP)的去除率分别是21.5%和27.5%,比常规处理单元的去除率高。     

黄河水中氨基酸对铅(Ⅱ)与悬浮粒子相互作用的影响

研究了五种氨基酸对黄河水中铅 ( )与悬浮粒子相互作用的离子交换率 E( % )— p H关系曲线的影响 ,结果表明 :( 1)水体中五种氨基酸浓度分别为 2μmol· L- 1 时提高 E( % )的顺序是 :组氨酸 >脯氨酸 >丙氨酸 >天门冬氨酸 >赖氨酸 ;( 2 )与未加有机物相比“S型曲线”左移 0 .4～ 1.3个 p H单位 ,Δ p H左移值顺序为 :组氨酸 >天门冬氨酸 >丙氨酸 >赖氨酸 >脯氨酸 ;( 3 )随着脯氨酸、丙氨酸、天门冬氨酸和胱氨酸浓度增加 ,离子交换率提高。     

Stereoselective metabolic disruption of cypermethrin by remolding gut homeostasis in rat

Cypermethrin (CYP), a prototypical synthetic pyrethroid, reportedly causes metabolic disruption, while its stereoselective impact remains elusive. This study initially revealed that only α-CYP caused significant weight loss at 8.5 mg/(kg•day) in rats. All three CYP isomers caused the accumulation of hepatic glycogen, and hyperlipemia phenotype as the increment of total triglyceride. Rats treated with α-CYP had markedly high blood glucose levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. The systematic inflammation of θ-CYP group rats was evidenced by high lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels and abnormalities of leukocytes indices. By examining the gut microbiome, we found that α-CYP-treated rats had low contents of Firmicutes and high levels of Verrucomicrobia while Elusimicrobia was enriched in the β-CYP group. The increasing alpha diversity in the θ-CYP group may be due to the dominance of pathogenic bacteria and the increase of probiotics to counteract adverse effects. Exclusively, the α-CYP group enriched total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), whereas most SCFAs depleted in the θ-CYP group. The correlation analysis further found Firmicutes, an energy storage modulator, was positive to body weight (BW), while SCFAs exerted the opposite, confirming the low BW in α-CYP. Blood glucose that correlated well with SCFAs and Verrucomicrobia can be accounted for the discrepancy between α-CYP and θ-CYP. Overall, the three isomers exerted stereoselective glycolipid disruption in rats, and gut homeostasis acted as vital indicators.     

SBR工艺在脂肪酸废水处理工程中的应用

应用以生化处理为主体的工艺：厌氧-SBR法处理脂肪酸废水，通过治理工程实例运行，结果表明：工艺简单，占地面积小、基建投资少、运行费用低，处理后的出水水质稳定、处理效率高。     

苯甲酸类化合物好氧生物降解性研究

采用从城市污水处理场活性污泥中培养的混合菌种,研究了苯甲酸、邻一、间一、对-苯二甲酸的生物降解。考察了在50,200,400和600mg/l四个浓度梯度下,四种化合物的浓度与生物降解性的关系。研究了苯环上不同羧基数量和取代基位置不同所表现出的降解难易程度上的差异。研究结果表明,在试验周期内,上述四种化合物均有不同程度的降解,四种化合物的可降解性为:邻-苯二甲酸>苯甲酸>对-苯二甲酸>间-苯二甲酸,在评价实验体系的降解性时引入了体系中细菌对化合物的负荷(mg·l~(-1)/个·ml~(-1)),使采用不同菌种量、不同化合物浓度的不同实验装置的研究结果有了相对的可比性。     

Multi-level complexity in the use of plant allelochemicals by aposematic insects

Summary As recognized by Miriam Rothschild as early as the 1960s and repeatedly emphasized in her papers, the use, misuse, or non-use of plant allelochemicals by insects is extremely variable and difficult to predict, at many levels of time, space, and biological organization. Although certain patterns that reoccur have been important in the development of ecological theory, the optimization of cost-benefit equations involving two or three trophic levels, each with large numbers of individuals, populations, and species in erratic and complex interactions, produces unexpected and fascinating scenarios. The development of rapid colorimetric and chromatographic analyses for several types of plant allelochemicals, notably certain groups of alkaloids, cardiac and cyanogenic glycosides, phenolics, terpenes, and glucosinolates, has permitted a detailed investigation of the variation and flow of these substances in natural organisms and ecosystems. The results of these analyses, in our hands mostly for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), do not suggest a straightforward classical choice by the aposematic insect to simply sequester or synthesize its defences. Rather, they reveal a confusing variety of diffuse and complex patterns that become increasingly closer to chaos as they are multiplied across structures, species, sexes, stages, sites, seasons, and selective regimes. We present a model reflecting results of analyses at this chemoecological interface. Depending upon an initial option, involving the recognition (or not) of a plant allelochemical, the herbivore will face thereafter options to ingest it (or not), and then to tolerate and absorb (or detoxify and excrete), modify (or not), passively, actively or selectively accumulate, turn over (or not), distribute (or concentrate), and use this compound in a variety of growth, defense, or reproductive functions. The herbivore can also quantitatively or qualitatively regulate the intensity or dispersion of its attack on the plant tissues, in order to modify feedback loops of selection on the plant and its chemicals which exist in most of the earlier steps, or those with its predators and parasites that occur in the later ones. Options that lead to mutualism through positive feedback loops will tend to accumulate and become rapidly fixed by natural selection. Additional variations and anomalies such as automimicry, chemical mimicry, sexual dimorphism and communication, selective sequestration and passing-up of allelochemicals, special glands and structures, and synergism effects, are among the secondary complications of this model that have occupied much thought, time, experimental labor, and polemical space in chemical ecology journals and meetings. Examination of the tendencies and results at various points in the model can be used to explain these features and to make further predictions, plan experiments, and devise activity-based bioassays and new chemical analyses. These may lead some day to new and more robust visions of the major patterns of chemical transfer at this widespread and important natural interface.     

Tissue distribution of absorbed humic acids

Distribution of humic acids (HA) in rats was studied using radioiodinated HA injected intraperitoneally. Distribution of ¹²⁵I was also studied for comparison. The distribution pattern of HA differed greatly from that of ¹²⁵I. Except in the thyroid and skin, ¹²⁵I was excreted from the body within 24 hours, whereas a large proportion of HA remained in the liver, kidney, skin, thyroid, bone and muscle. The difference in the distribution pattern and organ/serum radioactivity ratio suggests different kinetics for ¹²⁵I and ¹²⁵I-HA. The distribution pattern of HA correlated very well with the increased prevalences of organ diseases in the blackfoot disease endemic area, as reflected in epidemiologic studies. It is hypothesised that HA-metal complexes are possible etiological factors of diseases such as goitre, hepatoma, bladder cancer, vascular disease and diabetes mellitus, and that free radicals are the common causative factor.     

三种海洋微藻生长期脂肪酸组成研究

球等鞭金藻、盐藻和小球藻脂肪酸组成气相色谱分析的结果表明 ,三种海洋微藻在指数生长期总多不饱和脂肪酸含量 (TPUFA)明显比稳定生长期高 ,而总饱和脂肪酸含量 (TSFA)在指数生长期间相对较低。球等鞭金藻的DHA ,小球藻的EPA和盐藻的C18∶3均在培养后的第 6d均达最大值。     

模拟淹水条件下紫色土镉的释放特征及影响因素

研究了在模拟淹水条件下紫色土镉的释放迁移特征及影响因素 .结果表明 ,土壤初始镉污染水平、水体初始酸度和有机酸组成显著影响土壤镉向水体的迁移释放 .土壤初始镉浓度每增加 1mg·kg-1,淹水平衡后水体中镉的浓度增加 0 0 0 6—0 0 0 7mg·L-1.当水体初始pH <6时 ,镉的释放量随pH的降低呈线性增加 ,每降低一个pH单位 ,水中镉浓度平均将增加 0 0 6mg·L-1.水体中多种有机物共存时对土壤重金属的释放存在复杂的交互作用 .草酸、柠檬酸、EDTA以及草酸、柠檬酸、富里酸、EDTA共存时显著促进土壤镉的释放 ;而草酸、柠檬酸、富里酸共存时 ,反而抑制了土壤镉的释放 .讨论了淹水过程中镉的释放与体系pH、Eh 变化之间的关系 .