Characterization of haloacetic acid precursors in source water

Raw water from the Bangkok (Thailand) main municipal water supply canal was examined for its natural organic composition by fractionation with adsorption resins. DAX-8 resin was the first resin employed to fractionate the hydrophobic fractions. Fractionation at neutral pH resulted in the separation of the hydrophobic neutral components; at a high pH level (approx. 10) separation of the hydrophobic base components occurred; and at a low pH level (approx. 2) the hydrophobic acid components were separated. AG-MP-50 cationic resin was then used to separate the hydrophilic base components, and WA-10, a weak anionic resin, was applied finally to fractionate the hydrophilic acid and neutral components. Subsequently, each fraction was tested for its chlorine disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potential. The HAA formation tests demonstrated that the various organic fractions had different reactivity levels for the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs). For this source water, the hydrophilic neutral fraction dominated over the other five fractions in being the main organic component and the most significant precursor of HAAs formation. On the other hand, in terms of specific HAA formation potential (FP), the hydrophobic and hydrophilic base fractions were the most reactive precursors to the formation of HAAs. In all cases, the quantity of HAAs formed depended linearly upon the amount of organic constituents in the water sample.     

固定化酶酸化/UASB两相厌氧有机酸代谢特征

以固定化酶酸化相和UASB产甲烷相为两相厌氧系统进行连续流实验,研究了酸化相和产甲烷相中的有机酸和乙醇的变化特征、变化速率,挥发性有机酸组成,发酵类型以及对COD去除率的影响.结果表明:酸化相的酸化率为28.2%,水解产物组成中乙醇>乙酸>丁酸>丙酸,其中乙醇占44.8%,乙酸占38.4%,丙酸为6.9%,丁酸为9.8%,为乙醇型发酵类型.在产甲烷相中乙醇被去除99.8%,乙酸为92.0%,丙酸为59.1%,丁酸为46.2%,呈乙醇>乙酸>丙酸>丁酸;比较有机酸和乙醇的去除速率呈乙醇>乙酸>丁酸>丙酸,其中乙醇在产甲烷相中去除速率最快为0.21h^-1.系统运行稳定,COD去除率达到90%以上,其中对COD去除贡献率顺序为乙醇>乙酸>丁酸>丙酸,     

回灌渗滤液VFA浓度对填埋层甲烷化代谢的影响

处于稳定产甲烷阶段的填埋层具有降解回灌渗滤液有机物的能力,但高浓度渗滤液的主要组分(挥发性脂肪酸(VFA))可能影响填埋层的甲烷化代谢,导致填埋层对回灌渗滤液有机物降解效率恶化.采用实验室模拟填埋柱回灌不同ρ(VFA)模拟渗滤液的方法,研究不同VFA负荷对稳定产甲烷阶段填埋层甲烷化代谢的影响.结果表明:稳定产甲烷填埋层具有处理高ρ(VFA-C)渗滤液的能力,其有机碳的转化能力小于1.0 g/(kg·d);当回灌渗滤液中的ρ(VFA-C)大于14.8g/L(有机负荷为2.2 g/(kg·d))时可抑制填埋层的甲烷化代谢,但这种抑制可随着回灌渗滤液中ρ(VFA-C)的降低而得到解除;为保证填埋层内垃圾的降解,应控制回灌渗滤液的有机负荷不超过1.0g/(k·d).      

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.     

饮用水消毒副产物--卤乙酸的检测

卤乙酸是饮用水氯化消毒中一类主要的消毒副产物,由于存在的广泛性和潜在的健康危害,许多国家和卫生组织相继将其列为饮用水常规监测项目,而我国至今还没有相关规定;为了更好地控制饮用水中卤乙酸的形成,世界各国科研人员先后研究和开发出了性能逐趋完善的多种分析检测方法;本文在国内外文献调研的基础上,对卤乙酸的各种分析检测方法进行了简要的介绍,并指明了今后的发展方向.     

腐殖酸对土壤铅镉吸附、赋存形态及生物可给性的影响

腐殖酸（HAs）对重金属土壤环境行为及其生物有效性的影响与其组分分子量大小关系密切.通过3种in vitro试验方法（PBET、SBRC、IVG）探讨了HAs不同分子量组分（F1：<5kDa、F2：5~10kDa、F3：10~30kDa、F4：>30kDa）对土壤镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）生物可给性的影响,同时结合批量等温吸附实验、化学连续提取形态分级方法,分析了土壤Cd、Pb吸附和形态转化与生物可给性的关系.结果表明：土壤对Cd、Pb吸附能力既受HAs添加量的影响,也受到HAs分子量大小的影响.HAs添加量为0.2% C~1% C条件下,<5kDa分子量组分促进了土壤对Cd、Pb的吸附,且随着HAs添加量的增加,促进作用更强.而>10kDa的其他组分则降低了土壤吸附Cd、Pb的能力.在本试验HAs添加量范围内,不同组分均促进了土壤中酸提取态Cd向残渣态转化,且低分子量组分对其促进作用更强.土壤Pb²⁺主要以可还原态的形式存在,占57%~89%,随着HAs组分分子量的增加,酸交换态Pb占比逐渐下降,HAs的添加促进了活性态Pb向难利用态Pb转化,从而降低了Pb²⁺活性.3种in vitro方法生物可给性测定结果表明,<5k和5~10k组分均提高了胃、肠阶段土壤Cd、Pb生物可给性（BA_Cd、BA_Pb）,而其余组分则使土壤Cd、Pb生物可给性降低.Cd、Pb生物可给性取决于Cd、Pb在土壤中转化平衡后的赋存形态,酸交换态占比高生物可给性相应也越高,土壤对重金属的吸附固定难以反映生物可给性.     

硫酸根自由基预处理剩余污泥产酸效能与机理

为了优化最适宜的预处理条件,探究了不同高铁酸钾（PF）亚硫酸钠（Na₂SO₃）投加量对污泥EPS剥离和有机物转化短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）的贡献情况.结果表明,Fe（VI）/S（IV）联合预处理对污泥结构,尤其是紧密附着层EPS有较强的分解作用.当PF/Na₂SO₃的物质的量比从0/1（单独Na₂SO₃组）增加至2/3时,SCFAs的最高产量由1169.5mg COD/L增加到4796.9mg COD/L（第4d）,是单独Na₂SO₃和PF实验组的4.5和1.6倍.同时,当PF/Na₂SO₃物质的量比为2/3时,溶解性糖类和蛋白质释放量达到最大值,分别为260.1和2212.2mg COD/L.因此,适宜剩余污泥发酵产酸的最佳PF/Na₂SO₃物质的量比为2：3.基于本研究结果,结合传统厌氧发酵各个阶段,阐明了Fe（VI）/S（IV）强化污泥产酸的机理,为采用基于SO₄^·-的高级氧化方法强化污泥发酵产酸技术的应用提供了理论基础.     

8:2氟调聚羧酸在虾夷扇贝体内的蓄积、分布与转化

以虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）为受试生物,研究了8：2氟调聚羧酸（8：2FTCA）在虾夷扇贝不同组织（肝脏、鳃、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌）中的蓄积、分布和生物转化特征.结果显示,8：2FTCA蓄积浓度最高的组织为肝脏,达峰值最快的组织为鳃.在8：2FTCA代谢过程中,检测到8：2氟调聚不饱和酸（8：2FTUCA）、7：3氟调聚羧酸（7：3FTCA）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）和全氟庚酸（PFHpA）5种代谢产物,其中7：3FTCA和PFOA为含量最丰富的2种代谢产物.它们主要分布在鳃和肝脏组织中,鳃和肝脏是8：2FTCA进行生物转化的主要器官,并且鳃组织中代谢产物的浓度最高.推测出虾夷扇贝体内8：2FTCA的生物转化路径,与虹鳟的生物转化行为相比,虾夷扇贝在代谢产物产量和半衰期上均有差异,说明水生生物的生物转化行为具有物种差异性.8：2FTCA在虾夷扇贝体内可转化为PFOA、PFNA和PFHpA等全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs）,是虾夷扇贝体内PFCAs的一个间接来源.