Tree ring analysis for determination of pollution history of Chengde City, north China

ＴｒｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｆｏｒｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＣｈｅｎｇｄｅＣｉｔｙ，ｎｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａ￥ＪｉａｎｇＧａｏｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉ...     

泌阳断陷下第三系核三~上段陆相层序各体系域岩石地球化学旋回性特征

泌阳断陷下第三系核三上段可划分为三个陆相层序（S4、S5和S6）．每一层序自下而上发育TST、HST和RST三个体系域。对泌阳断陷下第三水核三上段S5层岸各体系域中几类岩石地球化学标型参数的研究发现，在S5层序形成时期，由于在一个旋回性变迁的古气候（古湿度和古温度）驱动下，湖平面发生了一次完整的旋回性变化；湖泊水体的物理化学条件（古盐度、古酸碱度、古氧化还原电位等）及物源性质亦随之发生一次旋回性变化：相应地，沉积岩中岩石类型、矿物成分（主要指粘土矿物和胶结物）、化学成分（包括常量元素和微量元素及水溶性离子等）以及碳、氧同位素等皆发生了一次旋回性变化。     

城市绿化树木碳氧平衡效应研究

本文通过实测广州市内几种常见绿化树木的光合强度和呼吸强度以及叶面积指数，计算城市绿地吸收二氧化碳和释放氧气的能力。得出各种树木的叶片光合强度。由于各树木的叶面积指数不同，绿地的吸碳放氧能力也不同。据此，从人类呼吸的基本需要考虑，探讨了城市地定额指标问题。     

Dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) Part 2: Fate of radio-labelled TNT in trees

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Problems of long-term existence of the environmental contaminant 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and necessities for the use of trees ('dendroremediation') in sustainable phytoremediation strategies for TNT are described in the first part of this paper. Aims of the second part are estimation of [14C]-TNT uptake, localisation of TNT-derived radioactivity in mature tree tissues, and the determination of the degree of TNT-degradation during dendroremediation processes. METHODS: Four-year-old trees of hybrid willow (Salix spec., clone EW-20) and of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were cultivated in sand or ammunition plant soil (AP-soil) in wick supplied growth vessels. Trees were exposed to a single pulse application with water solved [U-14C]-TNT reaching a calculated initial concentration of 5.2 mg TNT per kg dry soil. Two months after application overall radioactivity and extractability of 14C were determined in sand/soil, roots, stem-wood, stem-bark, branches, leaves, needles, and Picea May sprouts. Root extracts were analysed by radio TLC. RESULTS: 60 days after [14C]-TNT application, recovered 14C is accumulated in roots (70% for sand variants, 34% for AP-soil variant). 15-28% of 14C remained in sand and 61% in AP-soil. 3.3 to 14.4% of 14C were located in aboveground tree portions. Above-ground distribution of 14C differed considerably between the angiosperm Salix and the gymnosperm Picea. In Salix, nearly half of above-ground-14C was detected in bark-free wood, whereas in Picea older needles contained most of the above-ground-14C (54-69%). TNT was readily transformed in tree tissue. Approximately 80% of 14C was non-extractably bound in roots, stems, wood, and leaves or needles. Only quantitatively less important stem-bark of Salix and Picea and May shoots of Picea showed higher extraction yields (up to 56%). DISCUSSION: Pulse application of [14C]-TNT provided evidence for the first time that after TNT-exposure, in tree root extracts, no TNT and none of the known metabolites, mono-amino-dinitrotoluenes (ADNT), diaminonitrotoluenes (DANT), trinitrobenzene (TNB) and no dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) were present. Extractable portions of 14C were small and contained at least three unknown metabolites (or groups) for Salix. In Picea, four extractable metabolites (or groups) were detected, where only one metabolite (or group) seemed to be identical for Salix and Picea. All unknown extractables were of a very polar nature. CONCLUSIONS: Results of complete TNT-transformation in trees explain some of our previous findings with 'cold analytics', where no TNT and no ADNT-metabolites could be found in tissues of TNT-exposed Salix and Populus clones. It is concluded that 'cold' tissue analysis of tree organs is not suited for quantitative success control of phytoremediation in situ. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Both short rotation Salicaceae trees and conifer forests possess a dendroremediation potential for TNT polluted soils. The degradation capacity and the large biomass of adult forest trees with their woody compartments of roots and stems may be utilized for detoxification of soil xenobiotics.     

交通污染区城市绿化植物硫含量分布

为探讨城市绿化植物对交通环境中SO2的响应，以远离城市道路的相对清洁区公园生长的植物为对照植物，采集了广东省被广泛栽种的18种园林绿化植物的不同方位的叶片和树皮样品，用硫酸钡比浊法测定了每种植物样品在交通污染区面向机动车行驶方向、面向人行道方向及相对清洁区的植物样品等不同方位的植物叶片和树皮硫含量，分析了绿化植物在同一株植物的不同生长部位和不同环境中硫含量的分布特征。结果表明，交通污染区所有样品的叶片硫和树皮硫含量均高于相对清洁区的样品。其中，远离工厂的交通污染区生长的同一株植物，离机动车道越近，硫含量越高；靠近工厂的交通污染区的同一植物，离工厂近的部位的植物树皮硫含量高于面向机动车道一侧的植物硫含量。     

Diversity pattern and spatial scale: a study of a tropical rain forest of Malaysia

Scale is emerging as one of the critical problems in ecology because our perception of most ecological variables and processes depends upon the scale at which the variables are measured. A conclusion obtained at one scale may not be valid at another scale without sufficient knowledge of the scaling effect, which is also a source of misinterpretation for many ecological problems, such as the design of reserves in conservation biology.This paper attempts to study empirically how scaling may affect the spatial patterns of diversity (tree density, richness and Shannon diversity) that we may perceive in tropical forests, using as a test-case a 50 ha forest plot in Malaysia. The effect of scale on measurements of diversity patterns, the occurrence of rare species, the fractal dimension of diversity patterns, the spatial structure and the nearest-neighbour autocorrelation of diversity are addressed. The response of a variable to scale depends on the way it is measured and the way it is distributed in space.We conclude that, in general, the effect of scaling on measures of biological diversity is non-linear; heterogeneity increases with the size of the sampling units, and fine-scale information is lost at a broad scale. Our results should lead to a better understanding of how ecological variables and processes change over scale.     

Investigation of fault position and sources of radon by measurement of 238U decay series radionuclide activity in soil samples

North Derbyshire is designated a Radon Affected Area by the National Radiological Protection Board of Great Britain since more than 1% of the housing stock is estimated to have radon levels in excess of the 200 Bq m-3 Action Level. Enhanced radon emissions associated with geological faults make knowledge of their position important in relation to any potential residential or industrial development. A general survey of radionuclides present in the soils of north Derbyshire and their relationship to the underlying geology highlighted the difficulty of identifying the position of geological faults in the field. Using gamma-ray spectroscopy of soil samples the activity of three 238U decay series radionuclides (226Ra, 214Pb and 214Bi), which were taken as evidence of the presence of 222Rn which occurs in the same decay series, was measured to indicate the position of a fault by enhanced activity. The results also provided some evidence of the source of radon emitted at the fault. A comparison of this methodology with the more conventional soil gas analysis method is made.     

太原市空气的SO2污染及树木的吸收净化

研究了太原市空气中SO2浓度的年际、月份和垂直变化规律．实验结果表明，夏季和秋季SO2浓度低，污染较轻，春季和冬季的SO2浓度大，污染重，沿垂直方向在1m高处的SO2浓度最大，7m高的位置SO2浓度明显降低，20m处更低．测试了银杏、白蜡和国槐3种绿化树种的枝条韧皮部和叶片的含硫量，其逐月变化规律说明这些树种对城市空气中的SO2具有很强的吸收能力，是城市绿化和净化污染的优良树种．结合树木的叶片容量和含硫量的关系，评价了它们净化污染的效益，结合SO2垂直变化规律提出立体绿化配置．图2表3参7     

新邵县工矿破坏土地的生态重建模式探索

对新邵县现有的因工程建设、矿产开发而形成的破坏土地进行调查、分类.根据不同的类型采取不同的工程、林学措施,试图重建以木本植物为主的生态群落结构.     

星星峡地区构造地球化学特征的初步研究

对位于板块构造边缘的星星峡地区的基本构造单元进行了构造地球化学分带，研究了该地区不同类型岩浆岩微量元素的演化规律和所展构遣对元素空间分布的控制，发现矿床规模与断裂构造复合组数具有正相关关系。