果树注射施肥初探

通过对果树注射施肥技术原理,特点与操作方法的介绍,并与传统的方法相对比.从果品产量与品质,肥料利用率,环境影响程度等方面分析了果树注射施肥的效果,该方法具有较大的推广应用前景.     

稠油热采井管柱失效动态风险分析研究

为保证稠油热采井筒管柱的安全运行,采用故障树与贝叶斯网络相结合的方法开展稠油热采井管柱失效风险分析,应用故障树分析方法定性识别管柱失效诱因,建立稠油热采井管柱失效场景演化模型,并将故障树转化为贝叶斯网络模型,应用贝叶斯网络对管柱失效风险进行定量分析,得出热采井管柱失效的关键致因和管柱失效的动态失效概率,以新疆油田某区块热采井的管柱失效为对象进行了案例分析。研究结果表明,该方法可为稠油热采井管柱失效风险分析及井筒完整性管理提供理论支撑和工程设计参考。     

Tree ring analysis for determination of pollution history of Chengde City, north China

ＴｒｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｆｏｒｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＣｈｅｎｇｄｅＣｉｔｙ，ｎｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａ￥ＪｉａｎｇＧａｏｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉ...     

The Paradox of Forest Fragmentation Genetics

Abstract:  Theory predicts widespread loss of genetic diversity from drift and inbreeding in trees subjected to habitat fragmentation, yet empirical support of this theory is scarce. We argue that population genetics theory may be misapplied in light of ecological realities that, when recognized, require scrutiny of underlying evolutionary assumptions. One ecological reality is that fragment boundaries often do not represent boundaries for mating populations of trees that benefit from long-distance pollination, sometimes abetted by long-distance seed dispersal. Where fragments do not delineate populations, genetic theory of small populations does not apply. Even in spatially isolated populations, where genetic theory may eventually apply, evolutionary arguments assume that samples from fragmented populations represent trees that have had sufficient time to experience drift, inbreeding, and ultimately inbreeding depression, an unwarranted assumption where stands in fragments are living relicts of largely unrelated predisturbance populations. Genetic degradation may not be as important as ecological degradation for many decades following habitat fragmentation.     

Nest selection by snow petrels Pagodroma nivea in East Antarctica: Validating predictive habitat selection models at the continental scale

Little is known on the factors controlling distribution and abundance of snow petrels in Antarctica. Studying habitat selection through modeling may provide useful information on the relationships between this species and its environment, especially relevant in a climate change context, where habitat availability may change. Validating the predictive capability of habitat selection models with independent data is a vital step in assessing the performance of such models and their potential for predicting species’ distribution in poorly documented areas.From the results of ground surveys conducted in the Casey region (2002–2003, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica), habitat selection models based on a dataset of 4000 nests were created to predict the nesting distribution of snow petrels as a function of topography and substrate. In this study, the Casey models were tested at Mawson, 3800 km away from Casey. The location and characteristics of approximately 7700 snow petrel nests were collected during ground surveys (Summer 2004–2005). Using GIS, predictive maps of nest distribution were produced for the Mawson region with the models derived from the Casey datasets and predictions were compared to the observed data. Models performance was assessed using classification matrixes and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Overall correct classification rates for the Casey models varied from 57% to 90%. However, two geomorphologically different sub-regions (coastal islands and inland mountains) were clearly distinguished in terms of habitat selection by Casey model predictions but also by the specific variations in coefficients of terms in new models, derived from the Mawson data sets. Observed variations in the snow petrel aggregations were found to be related to local habitat availability.We discuss the applicability of various types of models (GLM, CT) and investigate the effect of scale on the prediction of snow petrel habitats. While the Casey models created with data collected at the nest scale did not perform well at Mawson due to regional variations in nest micro-characteristics, the predictive performance of models created with data compiled at a coarser scale (habitat units) was satisfactory. Substrate type was the most robust predictor of nest presence between Casey and Mawson. This study demonstrate that it is possible to predict at the large scale the presence of snow petrel nests based on simple predictors such as topography and substrate, which can be obtained from aerial photography. Such methodologies have valuable applications in the management and conservation of this top predator and associated resources and may be applied to other Antarctic, Sub-Antarctic and lower latitudes species and in a variety of habitats.     

事故致因理论:缺陷塔模型

为建立新的事故模型,首先以马克思主义的唯物辩证法为指导,针对事故内因、外因确定5对连锁因果关系,引入生产、事故、物质、能量、作业场所、安全管理、企业、政府和社会等安全要素,与故障树分析方法密切结合,建立缺陷塔模型(FTM)。然后,借鉴计算机科学面向对象编程的理念,定义塔体、塔段、塔壁、缺陷缝、管道、阀门共6种对象,规定了对象的主要属性,实现模型的三维可视化。     

基于安全屏障模型的海上钻完井作业风险分析

海上钻完井作业面临海洋环境恶劣、浅层地质灾害等复杂工况,极易发生油气泄漏、井喷等事故。为有效预防海上钻完井作业事故,提出基于瑞士奶酪模型的安全屏障模型。采用事故树和故障模式及影响分析相结合的方法,分析作业过程风险。该模型根据挪威标准D-010,建立完井作业关井阶段的物理安全屏障和安全屏障控制原理图,在此基础上构建油气泄漏事故树和失效模式与影响分析表,找出关井阶段可能的油气泄漏途径。通过对重要度计算和风险优先度值排序确定作业过程中最薄弱的安全屏障和关键故障模式。结果表明,作业过程中最薄弱的安全屏障是采油树、油管和地面控制井下安全阀(SCSSV),采油树腐蚀、密封失效、油管接头密封失效和SCSSV开关故障是影响作业过程的关键故障模式。     

起重机回转支承故障演化过程探讨

为深入分析起重机回转支承故障形成机理,从运动、受力、材料以及制造工艺流程四个方面分析了起重机回转支承故障的影响因素,按照故障形成原因及故障发生部位对起重机回转支承常见故障进行分类,并指出这些常见故障的早期形式主要表现为微裂纹和轻度磨损两类,在此基础上对连接螺栓、滚道与滚动体、齿圈常见故障的演化发展过程进行了系统的分析和研究.起重机回转支承常见故障的演化发展受到多个因素的影响,演化过程复杂且具有动态变化的特征,对故障演化过程进行深入的分析有助于起重机械事故的预防,具有重要的工程意义.     

地质灾害优势面分析理论与方法

优势面理论是地质灾害研究的一个新的模式。它认为地质灾害受控于三个系统,优势断裂对地质灾害的地带性分布规律起着控制作用。本文论述了地质灾害优势面分析的主要观点:(1)优势面分析基本思路;(2)评价地质灾害的专家判断、机制分析与定量模型相结合的方法论;(3)优势面减灾防灾主要原理。     

基于LabVIEW的水质微型站实时故障诊断专家系统

设计一种基于微试剂原位水质检测仪的多参数水质微型站监控系统。通过对水质检测流程合理分析以及各监控点反馈信号诊断,结合LabVIEW可视化编程技术、信号分析技术和测控技术,分别从硬件和软件方面,设计了一种基于多传感器数据融合的水质微型站监控感知的检测流程测控模型。现场应用结果表明,采用诊断专家系统的水质微型站监控系统满足水质测控的需求,极大提升系统的稳定性、安全性。