基于FIB的北京温榆河流域粪便污染物分布特征和源解析

目前,北京市温榆河流域存在着较为严重的粪源微生物污染问题,对流域周边暴露人群的健康带来了潜在的威胁.为了明确温榆河粪便污染的分布特征及宿主来源,本研究采用传统培养法与定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)分别对常规粪便指示细菌(Fecal indicator bacteria, FIB),包括粪大肠菌群(Fecal Coliform, FC)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, EC)与肠球菌(Enterococcus,ENT)和溯源FIB,包括不同宿主来源的特异性生物标记进行检测,并探究其相关性.研究结果表明,流域内粪源微生物污染较为严重,常规FIB浓度介于0～4.38×10~7 CFU·L~(-1)之间,溯源FIB处于1.37×10~6～4.29×10~(10) copies·L~(-1)之间.从时空分布来看,由于来水中各大支流及污水处理厂的贡献,从温榆河起点沙河闸至终点北关闸,所有的指示菌浓度呈现出大幅度的升高趋势.其中,龙道河为干流来水中粪便污染的首要地域,污水处理厂的尾水可能是清河河口及坝河处微生物污染的主要来源;降雨径流对粪源微生物含量的时空变化存在着非常显著的影响,使得FIB最高可达2个数量级的增长.微生物溯源结果显示温榆河流域内的粪源微生物来源主要为人类粪便污染,而非畜禽粪便污染,这同北京市近年来有关畜禽养殖管控密切相关.相关性分析表明,虽然FC与EC、ENT之间皆存在着统计学意义上的显著正相关性,但传统的FIB指标与拟杆菌及人源拟杆菌指标之间不存在显著相关性.本研究通过传统FIB培养和微生物溯源方法结合,明确了北京温榆河粪源污染程度及其主要来源,为北京温榆河污染防控提供了新的思路.     

污水处理中紫外消毒效果的研究

紫外消毒技术相对于氯化法消毒,能够快速、有效地去除污水中粪大肠杆菌,操作简单方面,无副产物生成,对周围环境和人员安全可靠,在中国许多污水处理厂都已取代氯化法消毒并广泛应用。阐述了紫外消毒和微生物光复活现象的原理,并通过大量试验来研究紫外消毒技术去除粪大肠杆菌的效果,及经紫外消毒后出水中粪大肠杆菌光复活现象对紫外消毒效果的影响,提出可采用出水避光排放、增加紫外照射剂量、延长照射时间等方法来控制微生物光复活现象。     

Evaluation of the relationship between two different methods for enumeration fecal indicator bacteria： Colony-forming unit and most probable number

Most probable number (MPN) and colony-forming unit (CFU) estimates of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration are common measures of water quality in aquatic environments. Thus, FIB intensively monitored in Yeongsan Watershed in an attempt to compare two di erent methods and to develop a statistical model to convert from CFU to MPN estimates or vice versa. As a result, the significant di erence was found in the MPN and CFU estimates. The enumerated Escherichia coli concentrations in MPN are greater than those in CFU, except for the measurement in winter. Especially in fall, E. coli concentrations in MPN are one order of magnitude greater than that in CFU. Contrarily, enterococci bacteria in MPN are lower than those in CFU. However, in general, a strongly positive relationship are found between MPN and CFU estimates. Therefore, the statistical models were developed, and showed the reasonable converting FIB concentrations from CFU estimates to MPN estimates. We expect this study will provide preliminary information towards future research on whether di erent analysis methods may result in di erent water quality standard violation frequencies for the same water sample.     

粪大肠菌群测定中的实验室质量控制研究

对在粪大肠菌群实验过程中涉及到的实验室质控设备、培养基、精密度检验等内容进行了分析,并对实验过程中的关键问题进行了阐述。     

颗粒物对紫外线灭活二级出水中粪大肠菌的影响

用低压紫外线照射具有相同颗粒物粒径分布的一系列水样,把实验结果带入二重动力学模型进行计算,评价自然状态下颗粒物对粪大肠菌的保护作用. 结果表明,二级出水中的大部分粪大肠菌都与颗粒物交连在一起;在颗粒物<10⁵ C·mL^-1时,颗粒物的增加会明显降低紫外线对二级出水中粪大肠菌的灭活率,但当颗粒物>10⁵ C·mL^-1时,这种影响不明显.从二重动力学模型的计算结果来看,对于不同颗粒物浓度的水样,难灭活的微生物所占的比重很小且比较稳定,大多数与颗粒物结合的粪大肠菌都较易被紫外线灭活.     

Diel Variability of Water Quality in a Tropical Polluted Bay

The objective is to describe and quantify the diel variability of water quality in a tropical coastal system, Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Water samples were collected in spring and neap tide cycles over 24 h periods at three strategic sites. A pollution gradient was evident between the sampling sites. The average fecal coliform values decreased from 10⁶ (site 3, most polluted) to 10¹ (site 1, less polluted). Organic matter mineralization was found in a similar gradient to organic pollution. However, complete nitrification was only found associated to regions where the water quality was better. Variability in this data set was determined mostly by the pollution gradient observed, and by tidal influence as well. The poor water quality indicates that the bay undergoes severe environmental stress. However water renewal promoted by tidal action was an important mechanism in diluting the pollution, improving water quality even in ebb tides and in the inner channels. The significance of micro-scale changes in water quality assessment in Guanabara Bay was confirmed, as well as the importance of these strategic sampling sites, reinforcing the importance of these measurements in monitoring programs.     

AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IMPACTS ON BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY IN A KARST GROUNDWATER AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: The impact on water quality by agricultural activity in karst terrain is an important consideration for resource management within the Appalachian Region. Karst areas comprise about 18 percent of the Region's land area. An estimated one-third of the Region's farms, cattle, and agricultural market value are on karst terrain. The purpose of this study was to compare fecal bacteria densities in karst groundwater impacted by two primary agricultural land uses in central Appalachia. Fecal bacteria densities were measured in cave streams draining two primary land management areas. The first area was pasture serving a beef cow-calf operation. The second area was a dairy. Neither area had best management practices in place for controlling animal wastes. Median fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus densities were highest in cave streams draining the dairy. Median fecal coliform densities in the dairy-impacted stream were greater than 4,000 CFU/100 ml and the median fecal coliform densities in the pasture-impacted streams were less than 10 CFU/100 ml. Median fecal streptococcus densities in the same streams were greater than 2,000 CFU/100 ml and 32 CFU/100 nil, respectively. A second dairy, with best management practices for control of animal and milkhouse waste, did not appear to be contributing significant amounts of fecal bacteria to the karst aquifer. It was concluded that agriculture was affecting bacterial densities in the karst aquifer. New management practices specifically designed to protect karst groundwater resources may be one way to protect the groundwater resource.     

有氧和厌氧环境下指示微生物的稳定性特征

建立有氧和厌氧水环境模拟反应器,利用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术探究了猪源拟杆菌标记物、部分指示微生物和潜在致病菌在有氧及厌氧水环境中的变化特征.结果表明,指示微生物 Streptococcaceae、Lactobacillaceae、Carnobacteriaceae、Ruminococcaceae、Lachnos...     

基于MODBUS协议的粪便处理工艺控制系统

介绍了MODBUS通讯协议在重庆市黄沙溪粪便无害化、资源化处理厂的运用。具体阐述了该系统的通讯配置、通讯编程等工艺控制系统。该系统已投入运行,通讯性能稳定、安全可靠,对其他同类控制系统具有一定的借鉴和推广作用。     

Local calibration of coliforms parameters of water quality problem at Igapó I Lake, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

This article presents results concerning the local calibration of the transport parameters (longitudinal and transversal diffusions and decay coefficient) for a two-dimensional problem of water quality at Igapó I Lake, located in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, using fecal coliforms as an indicator of water quality. The simulation of fecal coliforms concentrations all over the water body is conducted by means of a structured discretization of the geometry of Igapó I Lake, together with the finite difference and finite element methods. By using the velocity field, modeled by the Navier-Stokes and Poisson equations, the flow of fecal coliforms is described by means of a transport model, which considers advective and diffusive processes, as well as a process of fecal coliforms decay. In the checkpoint, the longitudinal and transversal diffusion coefficients and the coliforms decay coefficient that best fitted the value of the fecal coliforms concentration were D_x = D_y = 0.001 m²/h and k = 0.5 d⁻¹ = 0.02083 h⁻¹. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the numerical simulations conducted in function of the diffusion coefficients and of the coliforms decay parameter provided a better understanding of the local water quality at Igapó I Lake.