京津市区部分河流及湖泊水质的卫生细菌学调查

以粪大肠菌做指标,对京津市区内部分河流及湖泊水质的卫生细菌学状况进行了调查.调查结果表明,河流进入市区后随人口密度的增加,水中粪大肠菌的数量亦有所升高。表明河流已受到一定程度的生活垃圾的污染.京密引水渠的水质较好,其粪大肠菌值在10~2-10~4个/100ml,北护城河水质较差,粪大肠菌值为10~3-10~5个/100ml.天津海河及新开河除个别点样外,粪大肠菌值为10~2-10~3个/100ml.湖泊水质以昆明湖较为清洁,玉渊潭、紫竹院、北海及圆明园水质中粪大肠菌值一般为10~2-10~4个/100ml,但存在着个别取样点粪大肠菌值较高的情况.     

Predicting the Fate and Transport of E. coli in Two Texas River Basins Using a Spatially Referenced Regression Model1

Abstract: The two main rivers of southeast Texas: Guadalupe and San Antonio have shown high temporal increase in bacteria concentration during the last decade. The SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed (SPARROW) attributes model, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), has been applied to predict the fluxes and concentrations of contaminants in unmonitored streams and to identify the sources of these contaminants. This model identifies every reach as a basic network unit to distribute the sources, delivery, and attenuation factors. The model is data intensive and implements nonlinear regression to solve the parsimonious relations for describing various watershed processes. This study explored watershed and hydrological characteristics (land uses, precipitation, human and animal population, point sources, areal hydraulic load and drainage density, etc.) as the probable sources and delivery mechanisms of waterborne pathogens and their indicator (Escherichia coli [E. coli]) in the Guadalupe and San Antonio River basins. The effect of using various statistical indices for model selection on the final model’s ability to explain the various E. coli sources and transport processes was also analyzed.     

The Influence of Dioxide Chloride on Water Quality of Balneário Camboriú Beach, Brazil

Since February 1999, the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) of Balneário Camboriú, Brazil, started a complementary treatment with ClO₂ application on its effluent. It was realized to minimize its impacts caused by increase of the population during summer. This study was realized in order to verify the influence of this compound in the water quality and the environmental evaluations. Samples of surface water were collected in this environment between January 1997 and June 2001 for chemical and microbiological surveys. The results had shown that after application of ClO₂, fecal coliforms were decreased about six times in the beach (2.3 × 10³ to 3.5 × 10² MPN/100 ml) and three times in the river (3.3 × 10⁴ to 1.0 × 10⁴ MPN/100 ml), during summer time. NH₄ ⁺ showed an increase of about four times and 1.5 times, respectively, to beach and river. These results are showing the influence of ClO₂ on chemical and microbiological parameters.     

The microbial status of natural waters in a protected wilderness area

Waters derived from remote 'wilderness' locations have been assumed to be largely free of bacterial contamination and thus such, near-pristine, protected catchments, unused for agriculture, have been first in the multiple line of protection (pristine catchment-long storage-treatment-disinfection) employed by the water industry. This assumption is challenged by a bacterial survey of the waters derived from the New Cairngorm National Park, Scotland. Over 480 spot samples were taken for 59 sites between March 2001 and October 2002 during nine field campaigns each of three to five days duration. Over 75% of samples tested positive for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 85% for total coliforms. Concentrations displayed both temporal and spatial patterns. Largest values occurred over the summer months and particularly at weekends at sites frequented by visitors, either for 'wild' camping or day visits, or where water was drawn from the river for drinking. Overall the spatial and temporal variations in bacterial concentrations suggest a relationship with visitor numbers and in particular wild camping. The implications of the results for drinking water quality and visitors health are discussed along with possible management options for the area in terms of improving the disposal of human waste.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

重庆市河水中粪源微生物污染特征及源解析

以重庆主要河流水体作为研究对象,使用传统培养技术评估了细菌总数、粪链球菌、肠球菌、脆弱拟杆菌、总大肠菌群及粪大肠菌群的污染水平;同时以拟杆菌作为特异性指示菌,选取人源性粪便专一指示菌引物（HF183）和猪源性粪便专一指示菌引物（Pig-2-Bac）进行源追踪.微生物培养结果表明：重庆市主要河流在春季有15.4%的研究断面未达到Ⅲ类水质,秋季有61.5%的研究断面未达到Ⅲ类水质.在春季,主城区河流主要受人类粪便污染,区县河流主要受动物粪便污染;在秋季,主城区和区县河流都主要受人类粪便污染.指示微生物指标间Pearson相关性分析结果表明粪链球菌、粪大肠菌群、肠球菌两两之间有显著相关性,肠球菌与脆弱拟杆菌有显著相关性.猪源性拟杆菌特异性生物标记Pig-2-Bac和人源拟杆菌特异性生物标记HF183对人和动物粪便污染区分成功率达100%;用这两种特异性引物对春季水样DNA进行扩增,发现13个采样点均未受到猪源粪便污染,唐家沱、朝天门、鸡冠石、合川受到人源粪便污染.     

罗源湾海水中粪大肠菌群的来源及空间分布

2002年1月到2005年12月通过多种方式对罗源湾海水中的FCB(粪大肠菌群)数量、来源及空间分布进行了调查.结果表明:湾内主要水域FCB的数量在<0.02～≥24 /mL之间,入海河流、沿岸居民的生活和农业生产活动以及海上网箱养殖是罗源湾海水中FCB的主要来源,其中湾内主要的入海河流FCB超标严重,入海河流是罗源湾内FCB污染的最主要来源.罗源湾内 FCB空间分布与盐度呈负相关(R2=0.84),空间分布表现为,西高东低、内腹海区高于湾口,近岸海区高于湾中央海区,表层高于底层,网箱养殖区高于非网箱养殖区,松山垦区由于受到河流入海的影响成为罗源湾内污染最严重的海区.     

金刚石膜电极消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

以掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极的自制电解槽装置处理医院污水的消毒效果。在全回流处理模式下消毒处理医院废水,采用多管发酵法测定粪大肠菌群数。掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极,在电极间距为2mm、医院污水Cl-浓度为200mg/L、pH值在7.0～8.0范围内、电流密度8mA/cm2、接触时间≥9s的条件下,对医院污水粪大肠菌群的去除率最佳,出水满足《医疗机构污水排放标准值》粪大肠菌群数均不得超过500MPN/L。掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极的自制电解槽装置处理医院污水不需要添加化学药剂,对粪大肠菌群消毒效果好。     

水中粪大肠菌群测定的滤膜法研究

本方法主要研究滤膜法在实际监测工作中的可行性,利用实际水样对滤膜法与发酵法的监测结果进行比对,并对滤膜法的重复性和准确度进行监测研究。     

固定底物酶底物法与多管发酵法和快速纸片法测定水中粪大肠菌群(耐热大肠菌群)的比较

采用酶底物法和多管发酵法及快速纸片法,比对分析了分组环境水样中的大肠菌群,采用无菌水和标准菌种ATCC 25922(大肠埃希菌)标准菌种检验3种方法的假阳性率与假阴性率,结果表明,固定底物酶底物法与多管发酵法用于水中粪大肠菌群(耐热大肠菌群)检测结果具有一致性。