超细颗粒物凝聚中试试验均匀给料方案研究

给料的均匀性对PM2.5团聚试验至关重要,运用数值方法,采用LES模型计算湍流流场,采用DPM模型计算颗粒运动轨迹,分析PM2.5团聚中试试验台烟道内加设钝体后颗粒的均匀分布,得到了水平烟道各截面处颗粒浓度分布及数值的均方差曲线,发现在试验台圆方管处加设钝体,能有效改善烟道内煤灰颗粒的均匀分布。     

Effects of subsample size on seasonal and spatial comparisons of stream macroinvertebrate communities

We examined the effect of subsample size on the accuracy of information obtained from aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage samples. Subsamples containing 100 organisms or 300 organisms were compared on the bases of processing time and the ability to discern ecological differences among samples. Independently of subsample size, assemblages differed between study streams, primarily reflecting an intermittent vs. permanent stream difference, and between seasons at most streams. It required, on average, two additional hours to process the larger subsamples. Larger subsamples gave significantly higher estimates of total richness and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness, but the relative abundances of many assemblage subsets (e.g., EPT organisms and most functional feeding groups) were similar using both subsample sizes. Larger subsamples did not typically enhance the ability to discriminate between samples from different seasons, but did more accurately distinguish among streams when differences were subtle. They also appeared to avoid Type I error in comparisons of compositionally similar reaches within a study stream.     

Induction of host specificity in larvae of Manduca sexta: chemical dependence controlling host recognition and developmental rate

Summary. The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is a specialist on Solanaceae. This host specificity is induced as the larva feeds on solanaceous foliage, so that solanaceous-reared larvae will refuse to feed on other plants. Experiments were designed to determine the role of dietary constituents on the induction of host specificity and the effects of these on development of M. sexta. Choice assays using leaf discs of cowpea, Vigna sinensis (Fabaceae), were used to monitor the isolation of relevant chemical cues from foliage of potato. An aqueous extract of potato foliage strongly stimulated feeding. This extract was partitioned with n-butanol under alkaline conditions to obtain a highly active butanol extract. Reversed phase flash chromatography with a water-methanol gradient gave an active fraction that was used as a supplement for wheat germ-based artificial diet. Larvae reared on this s-diet became dependent on potato allelochemicals for initiation and continuation of feeding activity. These larvae also developed faster than larvae reared on the control p-diet, but no effect on adult mass was detected. Further flash chromatography of the active fraction under alkaline conditions provided a highly active sub-fraction, and semi-preparative HPLC using gradients of water and acetonitrile resulted in the isolation of a single compound. Bioassays indicated that this compound alone can account for host recognition by solanaceous-reared larvae. The results suggest that the mechanism of induced host specificity in M. sexta involves development of dependence on this compound. Received 21 December 1999; accepted 14 March 2000     

Simultaneous biodegradation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds in a sequencing batch bioreactor

Many nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (NACs), such as nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), aniline (AN), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), are environmentally hazardous, and their removal from contaminated water is one of the main challenges facing wastewater treatment plants. In this study, synthetic wastewater containing NB, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and AN at concentrations ranging from 50 to 180 mg/L was fed into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Analyses of the SBR system indicated that it simultaneously removed more than 99% of the NACs at loading rates of 0.36 kg NB/(m3·d), 0.3 kg 4-NP/(m3·d), 0.25 kg AN/(m3·d), and 0.1 kg 2,4-DNP/(m3·d). Bacterial groups of Bacteriodetes, Candidate division TM7, α-Proteobacteria, and β-Proteobacteria were dominant in the clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the microbial communities in the SBR system. "Cycle tests" designed to alter feeding and aeration parameters of the SBR system demonstrated that the resident microbial biome of the SBR system responded rapidly to changing conditions. Consumption of O2 was concomitant with the apparent mineralization of NACs. Aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenase activities suggested that (1) AN and NB were degraded via catechol 2,3-dioxygenase; (2) 4-NP was degraded via 1,2,4-benzentriol 1,2-dioxygenase; and (3) 2,4-DNP was degraded via an unresolved pathway.     

浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及水质响应

为探明浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及其与水体综合营养状态指数(TLIc)的关系,达到用浮游动物食性功能群参数监测水源地水库水质的目的,于2014年1月—2018年10月对浙江省8座饮用水水源地水库(K1～K8)开展了水质参数及浮游动物食性功能群丰度、生物量、物种多样性指数季节性调查.采用多元逐步回归与通径分析...     

参数选取对畜禽养殖业大气氨排放的影响:以长三角地区为例

氨对于大气细颗粒物中二次无机盐的生成具有十分重要的作用,近年来引起了国内外学者的高度关注.相对准确地定量氨排放对于深入研究二次气溶胶的理化过程、实现较好的数值模拟性能,以及开展氨排放精细化管控具有极为重要的科学意义和现实意义.已有研究表明,农业源是大气氨的主要排放源,其中,畜禽养殖业的氨排放占比最大.已有针对畜禽养殖业氨排放的研究大多采用排放系数法建立氨排放清单,然而,不同参数的选取会对研究结果造成较大差异.本文从活动水平和排放系数选取上做出了多种假设,构建了8种情景,以2017年为基准年,分别计算了长三角地区畜禽养殖业大气氨排放.结果表明,选取不同的活动水平对清单估算结果的影响最大,选取出栏量计算的结果较选取存栏量高出27.6%～34.1%.选取更细致的月均温的计算结果高出以年均温结果0.3～0.4万t.此外,清单的时空分布特征也与该两项参数密切相关,以存栏量进行估算的结果中,舟山地区排放强度最低,淮南市最高;以出栏量进行估算的结果中,丽水排放强度最低,南京最高.以月均温度估算情景中将获得更准确的月排放廓线,全年中5～9月排放量最高,冬季(12、 1和2月)排放量最小.     

连续进水对好氧颗粒污泥稳定维持的影响

为了考察连续进水对好氧颗粒污泥稳定维持的影响,在SBR反应器中接种成熟的好氧颗粒污泥,采用连续进水、间歇出水的方式运行.在反应器运行过程中,部分好氧颗粒污泥解体,完整存在的好氧颗粒污泥表面附着生长树枝状污泥和少量丝状菌.SVI在最初的13d内逐步上升,随后趋于稳定.同时,考察了好氧颗粒污泥在连续进水运行过程中EPS含量的变化以及EPS的空间分布变化:胞外多糖的含量在运行过程中呈下降趋势;胞外蛋白的含量整体呈先上升后下降的趋势;反应器运行15d后,胞外蛋白和胞外多糖的含量趋于稳定.连续进水运行30d后,EPS空间分布最大变化是β-D吡喃葡萄糖,它大量聚集在颗粒的表层及颗粒中伸出的树枝状污泥及丝状菌的表层.本研究表明,连续进水的运行方式不利于好氧颗粒污泥的稳定维持,底物浓度梯度为好氧颗粒污泥稳定维持的重要因素之一;EPS的分泌量以及空间分布对好氧颗粒污泥的形成及其稳定维持起着至关重要的作用.     

IMPACTS OF URBAN LANDUSE ON MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Macroinvertebrates were used to assess the impact of urbanization on stream quality across a gradient of watershed imperviousness in 43 southeastern Wisconsin streams. The percentage of watershed connected imperviousness was chosen as the urbanization indicator to examine impact of urban land uses on macroinvertebrate communities. Most urban land uses were negatively correlated with the Shannon diversity index, percent of pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera individuals, and generic richness. Nonurban land uses were positively correlated with these same metrics. The Hilsenhoff biotic index indicated that stream quality declined with increased urbanization. Functional feeding group metrics varied across a gradient of urbanization, suggesting changes in stream quality. Proportions of collectors and gatherers increased, while proportions of filterers, scrapers, and shredders decreased with increased watershed imperviousness. This study demonstrated that urbanization severely degraded stream macroinvertebrate communities, hence stream quality. Good stream quality existed where imperviousness was less than 8 percent, but less favorable assessments were inevitable where imperviousness exceeded 12 to 20 percent. Levels of imperviousness between 8 and 12 percent represented a threshold where minor increases in urbanization were associated with sharp declines in stream quality.     

3AMBR工艺处理城市污水节能降耗的中试实验

为探索 MBR 污水厂切实可行的节能途径,构建了处理规模为1 m3·h-1的3AMBR（anoxic-anaerobic-anoxic membrane bio-reactor）工艺中试实验系统,以曝气量、回流比及进水方式等参数为研究对象,优选了4套方案,进行了超过200 d的现场实验。实验期间,各方案出水水质良好,优化方案的脱氮效率提高明显。当减少曝气,使好氧池在低溶氧（DO-1）状态下运行,仍可保证系统出水的稳定达标排放;提高膜池液向好氧池的回流,使膜池的富余溶解氧得到了利用,达到了部分或完全替代曝气的效果,且获得了更好的脱氮能力;多点进水（比例为2∶2∶1）降低了系统前端的污染负荷,合理分配了碳源,使系统对含氮污染物等的去除能力提高,虽然总体能耗无显著变化,但处理能力的增强明显提升了能效。     

高盐废水体系运行模式对活性污泥颗粒化过程的影响

好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)技术在高盐废水处理领域具有广阔应用潜力,高盐胁迫条件下运行模式对造粒过程影响尚不清晰。采用3个序批式反应器(SBR),探究好氧模式(R1)、厌氧/好氧模式(R2为厌氧推流进水30 min;R3为厌氧推流进水120 min)对活性污泥颗粒化过程及高盐废水处理效能的影响。结果发现,R1、R2和R3造粒时间无显著差异(分别在第13、13、10 d实现完全颗粒化),而R3培养的颗粒结构更致密、胞外蛋白/胞外多糖(PN/PS)含量较高。3个SBR均可在高盐废水体系实现高TOC去除率(>97%);R1和R2的NH₄⁺-N去除率大于96%,而R3在50%~70%波动,可能是硫酸盐还原菌(Desulfovibrio和Fusibacter)在长厌氧推流进水过程产生的S^2-抑制了硝化反应。本研究结果可为高盐废水体系活性污泥造粒过程提供参考。