C/YAG复合材料的抗烧蚀性能研究

目的对C/YAG复合材料的烧蚀性能和烧蚀机理进行研究。方法以高固相含量Y_2O_3-Al_2O_3溶胶为原料,低成本的碳纤维针刺毡为增强体,通过浸渍-干燥-热处理工艺制备C/YAG复合材料,利用SEM和XRD对烧蚀后材料的微观结构和物相组成进行分析。结果复合材料的质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率分别为0.05g/s和0.12 mm/s。结论 C/YAG复合材料高的质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率主要归因于氧乙炔焰高热流和强剪切力作用。烧蚀后材料的微观形貌可以分为中心区、过渡区和边缘区三个区域。其中烧蚀中心区主要受到热化学腐蚀和机械剥蚀的作用,而过渡区和边缘区主要受到热化学腐蚀和热物理侵蚀的作用。     

李家峡水库蓄水后区域地震活动特征及危险性分析

根据李家峡水库地震台网1998-2002年的地震目录,分析了水库蓄水后库坝区和周边研究区的地震活动特征,并对未来水库地震的危险性进行了定量评价.分析结果表明:李家峡水库蓄水以来,库坝区90%的地震为0.0～1.9级的弱小地震,且地震活动与水库水位有关,相对于水位升高存在5～7个月的滞后期;研究区以1.0～1.9级地震为主,地震活跃程度呈间息式变化,地震月频次呈阶跃式变化.应用经验判别法的预测结果表明,未来李家峡水库库坝区存在诱发5级以上灾害性地震的危险性,最大震级在5.0～5.4级之间.     

Bridge building within the province of proactivity

The research questions posed in this study highlight the importance of valuing proactivity in both prompting an individual to engage in proactive behavior and encouraging the expression of that behavior. We integrate a variety of constructs from the proactivity literature to gain a deeper understanding of proactive behavior as it relates to proactive motivation and supervisory performance evaluations. First, we draw upon self‐determination theory, expectancy–value theory, and the recent integration of the proactive motivation literature to hypothesize that proactive behavior is predicted by the interaction of “can do” and “reason to” proactive motivational states. Second, on the basis of performance theory, we hypothesize that the relationship between proactive behavior and performance depends upon the extent to which the supervisor values proactivity. Specifically, we argue that supervisors with proactive personalities are more likely to value and reward subordinate proactive behavior than passive supervisors. Results provide support for both of our hypotheses. Interestingly, results show that proactive behavior did not result in negative consequences but rather that there was a cost (i.e., lower performance rating) for not taking charge for employees with proactive supervisors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震灾害紧急救援可支配交通链路选择研究

如何通过科学的算法提前获取决定路网通达性的关键链路,即可支配链路,从而可通过各方面养护措施提高可支配链路的抗震能力,保证震后救援运输的顺利进行。提出可支配链路的相关概念,基于矩阵结构的计算方法与原理,并应用算例进行验证。通过选取云南省保山市隆阳区的部分目标区域来进行震后救援路网的支配性链路计算,同时针对地震发生后的特点,综合考虑医疗救援、火灾救援及紧急物资救援3方面的综合救援需求,获得该区域路网的可支配链路。研究结果表明:结合震后实际救援需求,将需求点扩展为多个需求点,能够进一步获得在多个需求点基础上的可支配链路。因此,利用矩阵结构获得可支配链路的方法,能够综合需求点数量和概率临界值的进一步调整,进一步优化计算结果。     

Case study: Assessment on large scale LPG BLEVEs in the 2011 Tohoku earthquakes

After the 2011 Tohoku earthquakes, several chemical and oil complexes on the Pacific Ocean shoreline of northeast Japan experienced massive losses. In Chiba, a refinery operated by Cosmo Oil lost 17 LPG storage vessels which were either heavily damaged or totally destroyed by fires and explosions in the refinery. These large vessels ranged in size from 1000 to 5000 m³. The estimated volume of LPG at the time of the incident was between 400 and 5000 m³ for each vessel. Five boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs) of LPG occurred, resulting in huge fire balls measuring about 500 m in diameter.A BLEVE is defined as the explosive release of expanding vapor and boiling liquid when a container holding a pressure-liquefied gas fails catastrophically. It is thus important to estimate the physical properties of superheated liquids: the thermodynamic and transport properties, the intrinsic limits to superheating and depressurization, and the nature of thermodynamic paths. Also it is hoped to provide better understanding of the vessels designed, manufactured, installed, and operated to reduce or eliminate the probability that a sequence of events will result in BLEVE or loss of primary containment. Knowledge of these matters is still incomplete. The objective of this research is to estimate the significant BLEVE phenomenon in very large scale spherical vessels based on published information in Japan. There are some models predicting BLEVEs. However, it is essential to know if this is true for very large scales such as spheres since validation is usually rare to provide confidence in estimating the superheated liquids behaviors. To this end, comparing with the information on this event, the conditions in the five LPG vessels at the time of the BLEVE were determined in terms of: duration of vessel failure (time to BLEVE); mass fraction in the vessel with time; temperature distribution in the liquid and vapor region and pressure within the vessel (e.g. initial pressure and internal high-speed transient pressure during failure), by means of a computer program AFFTAC Analysis of Fire Effects on Tank Cars, which solves heat conduction, stress and a failure model of the tank, a thermodynamic model of its fluid contents, and a flow model for the lading flowing through the safety relief device. Subsequently, the consequences from the sphere BLEVE, such as the expected fireball diameter and duration and the expected blast overpressure produced by the BLEVE failures, are also subjects of active research. Here the blast using the methods of PHAST and SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering was calculated.Results suggest that methodologies here used gave reasonable estimations for such real and huge BLEVEs in a validated way, which may provide valuable guidance for risk mitigation strategy with regard to LPG facility in design, emergency planning, resiliency, operations, and risk management.     

Injuries as a Result of California Earthquakes in the Past Decade

The devastating effects of earthquakes have been demonstrated repeatedly in the past decade, through moderate and major earthquakes such as the October 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake (5.9 on the Richter scale), the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (7.1) and the January 1994 Northridge earthquake (6.7). While 'official' tallies of injuries and deaths are reported for each event, the numbers vary from report to report. For Northridge, the number of injuries vary between 8,000 and 12,000; the number of deaths from 33 to 73 (Peek-Asa et al., 1997; Durkin, 1996).While official estimates are commonly reported following disasters, the study of actual numbers, types and causes of casualties has not developed. In this paper, we identify the numbers and risk factors for injuries within community-based samples across three earthquakes in urban California. We first report the numbers and types of injuries in each earthquake and then identify risk factors specifically associated with the Northridge earthquake     

西宁及邻区地震活动特征研究

对西宁及邻区1900年以来M≥5.0、1970年至今ML≥3.0地震进行了分析,得到了该区5级以上中强地震的活动规律,认为研究区近2～3年内地震活动处于相对平静期,具备发生M5～6级中强地震的条件,发生6级以上地震的可能性不大.     

汶川地震期间天津地震前兆台网运行与管理

汶川地震发生后,天津市地震局迅速进入应急体制,高效应对突发事件.监测中心、预报中心全体人员坚守岗位,履行职责,较好地完成了汶川地震期间天津地震前兆台网运行监控、数据管理、台站综合评比、数据服务、总结评估等项工作,以无私奉献的团队精神为地震监测预报工作做出了应有的贡献.     

钢铁企业用涤纶滤料的性能试验研究

选取钢铁企业用覆膜和未覆膜涤纶针刺毡滤料进行实验研究,测试了两种滤料的力学特性、耐腐蚀特性和过滤性能。结果表明:清洁的覆膜涤纶针刺毡过滤阻力比未覆膜涤纶针刺毡的阻力高8~10倍,但是覆膜涤纶针刺毡的最低过滤效率比未覆膜涤纶针刺毡的高49.9%;在20%、40%的H_2SO_4中浸泡24 h后经、纬向断裂强力和伸长保持率均维持在80%以上,在40%的NaOH溶液中浸泡24 h后的断裂强力保持率在8%以下,因此两种滤料具有良好的耐酸腐蚀性,但不适合在强碱条件下长期使用。     

震前小震调制比空间异常消失的映震能力研究

利用小震调制比方法的时空异常进行跟踪分析,通过对比发现,近几年震前小震调制比的空间异常变化与有感地震的发生具有一定的对应关系.进一步的分析研究认为,利用震前小震调制比的空间异常消失可进行有感地震甚至中强地震的地点预测.