Perceptions of risk characteristics of earthquakes compared to other hazards and their impact on risk tolerance

People tolerate different levels of risk owing to a variety of hazards. Previous research shows that the psychometric properties of hazards predict people's tolerance of them. However, this work has not taken into account events such as earthquakes. The present study tested how earthquakes score vis‐à‐vis risk properties and risk tolerance as compared to five other familiar hazards. Participants from Wellington, New Zealand (N=139) rated these six hazards using measures of risk characteristics and risk tolerance. Participants demonstrated different levels of risk tolerance for the different hazards and viewed earthquakes as having similar risk features to nuclear power. They also preferred different risk mitigation strategies for earthquakes (more government funding) to the other five hazards (stronger legislation). In addition, earthquake risk tolerance was predicted by different risk characteristics than the other five hazards. These findings will help risk communicators in identifying which risk characteristics to target to influence citizens' risk tolerance.     

试论国家救灾资金的精准风险控制方法

传统救灾资金风险控制方法存在控制精准度较低的问题,为了解决这一问题该文提出基于多因素分析的救灾资金精准风险控制方法。首先通过对自然灾害区域的经济损失率进行计算,确定该受灾区域的经济损失情况;引入模糊集运算方法,计算出救灾资金分配的上下限值,实现救灾资金的精准分配。然后通过熵权法对救灾资金的风险进行预测,如果救灾资金的风险过高,则运用最小二乘法对预测矩阵进行修正,以降低救灾资金的风险。最后以地震规模预测和救灾资金分配的准确性为对比指标,通过实验验证本文方法的有效性。     

乐山市诱发地震的社会影响及对策

本文简述了健为县罗城镇的注水采盐诱发地震和沙湾区铜街子水库蓄水诱发地震的影响及对策。     

地震作用下列车过桥安全性分析

通过建立的地震荷载作用下车桥系统动力响应分析模型,对不同的高速列车在典型地震荷载作用下通过秦沈客运专线上多跨双线简支箱梁桥的全过程进行了仿真分析,对影响地震发生时高速铁路常用跨度简支梁桥动力响应行为和车辆运行安全的主要因素进行了分析和研究,其结果表明增大桥梁结构的阻尼比可有效改善桥梁本身的抗震性能,但对提高列车在地震时过桥的安全性意义不大;地震作用使车体的横向振动加速度以及脱轨系数、轮重减载率和横向轮轨力等各项安全评价指标均随列车速度的提高而增大,因此,在评价地震作用下高速铁路简支梁桥上列车的走行安全性时,必须考虑列车运行速度的影响;给出了确保地震发生时高速列车在桥上安全运行的临界速度限值。     

宝成铁路5·12地震次生地质灾害特点及工程防灾

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生8.0级特大地震,受此影响,宝成铁路成都局管段沿线产生地震次生地质灾害,直接威胁到铁路运营的安全.通过对铁路沿线次生地质灾害的震后排查,总结了地震产生的灾害类型,分析了地震的致灾作用和影响地震次生灾害稳定性的因素,在此基础上结合实际,提出防灾工程建议,具有重要的现实意义.     

Tyrosinase-modified carbon felt-based flow-biosensors: The role of ultra-sonication in shortening the enzyme immobilization time and improving the sensitivity for p-chlorophenol

Tyrosinase (TYR) was covalently immobilized onto amino-functionalized carbon felt surface via glutaraldehyde-coupling under ultrasonic treatment for 10 min. The resulting TYR-immobilized carbon felt was used as a working electrode unit of bioelectrocatalytic flow-through detector for TYR substrates (catechol, p-chlorophenol (p-CP), p-cresol, phenol etc.). Cathodic peak currents based on the electroreduction of enzymatically produced o-quinones were detected at –50 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Compared with previous work in which TYR was immobilized onto amino-functionalized carbon felt for 16 hr without the ultrasonic treatment, we succeeded in (1) shortening the enzyme immobilization time from 16 hr to 10 min, (2) enhancing the sensitivity of p-CP, and (3) improving the operational stability of p-CP. The ultrasonic treatment during the TYR immobilization step would lead to certain changes in the structure of the immobilized TYR and the morphology of the immobilized TYR-layer on the carbon felt surface.     

Individual preparedness and mitigation actions for a predicted earthquake in Istanbul

This study investigated the process of taking action to mitigate damage and prepare for an earthquake at the individual level. Its specific aim was to identify the factors that promote or inhibit individuals in this process. The study was conducted in Istanbul, Turkey—where an earthquake is expected soon—in May and June 2006 using qualitative methods. Within our conceptual framework, three different patterns emerged among the study subjects. Outcome expectancy, helplessness, a low socioeconomic level, a culture of negligence, a lack of trust, onset time/poor predictability, and normalisation bias inhibit individuals in this process, while location, direct personal experience, a higher education level, and social interaction promote them. Drawing on these findings, the paper details key points for better disaster communication, including whom to mobilise to reach target populations, such as individuals with direct earthquake experience and women.     

Effects of seismic intensity and socioeconomic status on injury and displacement after the 2007 Peru earthquake

Earthquakes are a major cause of displacement, particularly in developing countries. Models of injury and displacement can be applied to assist governments and aid organisations in effectively targeting preparedness and relief efforts. A stratified cluster survey was conducted in January 2008 to evaluate risk factors for injury and displacement following the 15 August 2007 earthquake in southern Peru. In statistical modelling, seismic intensity, distance to rupture, living conditions, and educational attainment collectively explained 54.9 per cent of the variability in displacement rates across clusters. Living conditions was a particularly significant predictor of injury and displacement, indicating a strong relationship between risk and socioeconomic status. Contrary to expectations, urban, periurban, and rural clusters did not exhibit significantly different injury and displacement rates. Proxies of socioeconomic status, particularly the living conditions index score, proved relevant in explaining displacement, likely due to unmeasured aspects of housing construction practices and building materials.     

台湾强震对赣粤闽交界及其沿海地区地震形势的影响

试图通过分析台湾地区与赣粤闽交界及其沿海地区的地质构造背景、动力环境、地震活动的相关性来探讨台湾强震对赣粤闽交界及其沿海地区地震形势的影响 ,从而分析赣粤闽交界及其沿海地区近期的地震趋势。