不锈钢烧结纤维毡外加粉体助剂过滤烟尘微粒

为了解决不锈钢烧结纤维毡对柴油机微粒过滤效率不高及其黏附堵塞问题,提出了不锈钢烧结纤维毡外加粉体助剂过滤烟尘的新方法。用不同过滤精度(5～30μm)的不锈钢烧结纤维毡片,覆盖不同厚度(0.5～3 mm)的粉体层,对由发烟剂燃烧产生的烟尘(D50=0.183μm)进行了过滤实验,用welas3000气溶胶粒径谱仪测试过滤前后的烟尘浓度,得到了不同情况下的过滤效率及分级效率。实验结果表明,粉体粒径、厚度、过滤气速及时间对过滤效率影响都很大,在滤速3 m/min、粉体粒径200～250目及厚度1.5 mm时,初始过滤效率高达95.746%,30 min后过滤效率上升到98.499%,300min内过滤效率基本保持在98%以上。     

基于汶川地震的地震人员伤亡预测模型研究

地震发生以后及时掌握人员伤亡情况对灾后救援具有重要作用,因此,建立地震人员伤亡预测模型是极为重要的。以2008年汶川地震人员伤亡数据及房屋破坏面积数据为基础,运用线性回归分析方法模拟出地震人员伤亡预测模型。该函数模型是以建筑物的易损性为自变量,分别以死亡人数、受伤人数为因变量构建的。同时对回归模型进行误差分析,并参考前人模型可知房屋内人口密度和地震发生时间2个因素对模型有很大影响,进而对回归系数进行调整。最后利用文中模型和其他几种预测模型分别对汶川地震和玉树地震进行验证,并与地震实际伤亡结果进行比较,证明研究的模型的准确性和适用性。     

不锈钢毡电极MEC甲烷原位纯化及原理

为实现有机废弃物能源化利用,采用不锈钢毡电极微生物电解池(MEC)处理含乙酸的模拟废水,系统地研究了外加电压对乙酸去除、甲烷(CH4)生成、微生物种群和活性等方面的影响.结果表明,MEC(0.4 V)中乙酸去除速度最快,可以达到(167.30±0.71)mg·L~(-1)·h-1;MEC(1.0V)中CH4浓度、CH4产生速度和乙酸去除率达最大值,分别为96.98%±1.19%、(1.18±0.04)LMet·d-1·LR-1和100%±0.05%.另外,外加电压可提高阴极微生物代谢活性和嗜氢产甲烷菌的相对丰度.外加电压为1.0 V时,嗜氢产甲烷菌相对丰度达78.87%,其中Methanospirillum最为丰富,其含量占到全部微生物的68.38%.研究证明MEC可以实现乙酸的快速去除、甲烷高效制备和甲烷原位纯化.     

Vested Interest theory and disaster preparedness

Three studies were designed to extend a combination of vested interest theory (VI) and the extended parallel process model of fear appeals (EPPM) to provide formative research for creating more effective disaster preparedness social action campaigns. The aim was to develop an effective VI scale for assessing individual awareness and ‘vestedness’ relevant to disaster preparedness. Typical preparedness behaviours are discussed with emphasis on earthquakes and tornados in particular. Brief overviews of VI and the EPPM are offered, and findings are presented from three studies (one dealing with earthquakes, and two with tornados) conducted to determine the factor structure of the key VI components involved, and to develop and test subscales derived from the two theories. The paper finishes with a discussion of future research needs and suggestions on how the new subscales may be applied in the design and execution of more effective disaster preparedness campaigns.     

The role of schools in helping communities copes with earthquake disasters: the case of the 2010–2011 New Zealand earthquakes

ABSTRACT

This article draws from the author’s four-year study of five school communities hit by the 2010–2011 earthquake sequence in the Canterbury region of New Zealand to highlight the roles that schools played in supporting their communities in the aftermath of the disaster. The article begins by synthesising the relevant literature on disasters, schools in earthquake disasters, and the importance of schools to their communities, pre- and post-disaster. The following themes from the data are discussed: (a) the role of schools in their communities prior to the earthquakes; (b) the role of schools in immediate rescue and response; (c) the role of schools in short-term relief; and (d) the role of schools in long-term recovery. The author then argues that as more evidence shows that schools play such crucial roles in post-disaster response and recovery, we need to better prepare and support them to undertake these functions. Further, we need to recognise the wider roles schools play supporting local communities to build and sustain resilience as part of on-going community cohesion and connectedness, so that society is better prepared when major disasters occur.     

辽宁省地震灾害初步研究

通过分析地震史料和近代地震调查资料，总结得出辽宁省的地震灾害有以下特点：（1）类型较多，除了浅源地震外，还有由人类生产活动诱发的矿震、水库地震和塌陷地震。（2）发生频繁，近100年来共记录到烈度6度以上的构造地震14次，近年来破坏性矿震每年都有发生。（3）分布范围广，成灾方式不一，全省90％的地区都遭受过6度以上的震害，有的一次成灾，有的灾害系由多次地震累加造成。（4）损失严重，辽宁省经济发达，而灾害频发区集中在中部城市群，因而使地震灾害所造成的经济损失加大。     

The use of newspaper data in historical earthquake studies

Studies of historical British earthquakes are an essential component of assessing seismic hazard in the U.K.; such studies rely heavily on macroseismic data obtained from printed newspapers. This paper discusses the ways in which newspapers have reported British earthquakes and the nature and limitations of the data that may be acquired from this source. Historical changes in the press as a source of macroseismic data are discussed. It is suggested that an understanding of the background and nature of newspaper data is an important component in the process of revaluating historical earthquakes from such data.     

Removal of textile dyes from water by the electro-Fenton process

An environmentally friendly electrochemical treatment, electro-Fenton process, was applied to the depollution of a synthetic dismissal composed of three dyes, yellow drimaren, congo red and methylene blue, frequently used in textile and dyehouses. Here, we show that those dyes and their mixture are quickly degraded under current controlled electrolysis conditions, leading to an almost complete mineralization. The results show the efficiency of electro-Fenton process to quickly degrade aqueous effluents polluted by synthetic organic dyes.     

碳毡阴极电还原降解氯霉素效能与机制研究

为实现氯霉素（CAP）的稳定高效去除,通过阴极材料筛选优化,构建了以碳毡为阴极的电化学还原体系.实验分别考察了阴极材料、阴极电位、pH、电解质种类和CAP初始浓度对CAP降解效果的影响.结果表明：以碳毡为阴极,电流密度为2.5 mA·cm^-2时,反应30 min后初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1的CAP去除率达到了94.9%,60 min内CAP得以完全去除;CAP中氯的脱除是其降解的重要途径,60 min内氯离子的转化率可达60.5%;碳毡阴极电位降低至-1.4 V （vs.SCE）利于还原降解过程;硝酸根的存在对CAP还原有一定的抑制作用;重复降解实验和扫描电镜（SEM）实验证明了碳毡阴极降解CAP效能的稳定性;通过电子自旋共振（ESR）自由基捕获和猝灭实验初步探讨了CAP的脱氯还原机制,发现原子H^*的生成和电子还原作用是CAP快速降解的主要机制.     

Cu(II)和Pb(II)在NaA分子筛膜@Fe0固定床上的去除动力学

以不锈钢纤维烧结毡为载体,采用二次生长和液相还原法合成了一种新型的微纤复合NaA分子筛膜@Fe⁰复合材料,考察了其对Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）混合溶液的去除动力学.首先,采用二次生长法在不锈钢纤维烧结毡上合成NaA分子筛膜,然后以七水硫酸亚铁、硼氢化钠和微纤复合NaA分子筛膜为原料,利用液相还原法制备微纤复合NaA分子筛膜@Fe⁰复合材料,并采用扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱进行分析表征.然后,考察了连续固定床反应器中pH值、入口浓度和床层高度对Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）去除效果的影响,并采用Bohart-Adams和Yoon-Nelson模型进行拟合分析.结果表明,纳米零价铁被均匀负载于分子筛膜表面,经过固定床动力学实验后,铜和铅附着在复合材料上;随着pH增加或入口浓度降低,Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）的透过时间均延长,随着床层高度从0.45 cm增加到0.65 cm,Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）透过时间略有增加,继续增加床层高度到0.90 cm,Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）透过时间显著延长,当床层高度为0.90 cm时,70 min时Cu（Ⅱ）透过浓度达到入口浓度的4.3%,200 min时Pb（Ⅱ）透过浓度仅为入口浓度的5.6%.Bohart-Adams模型适合描述透过曲线的初始部分（C/C₀<0.5）,Yoon-Nelson模型更适合拟合长床柱中Cu（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）的连续去除.