阿曼原油和溢油分散剂对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎形态发育的毒性效应

为研究经溢油分散剂(GM-2)处理阿曼原油对硬骨鱼类形态学发育毒性,将斑马鱼胚胎作为受试生物,采用半静态暴露方法,观察0~120 hpf(hour post-fertilization)斑马鱼胚胎的致死率、孵化率和畸形率,并应用斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性试验形态学得分系统(General Morphology Score(GMS)System)评估阿曼原油暴露诱导的斑马鱼胚胎形态发育毒性。结果显示,相较于水溶组分(water-accommodated fractions,WAF),加入GM-2后的化学增强型水溶组分(chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions,CEWAF)水样中总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbons,TPH)浓度显著增加,由(5.233±0.213)mg·L-1增至(292.989±11.905)mg·L-1;120 hpf时,WAF和CEWAF组的致死率均有不同程度的升高,100%WAF的致死率为30.2%±2.8%,而≥40%CEWAF的致死率均已超过半数致死率,其半数致死浓度LC50为153.318 mg·L-1;通过对GMS分析,WAF和CEWAF暴露均会在不同程度上导致斑马鱼胚胎发育显著延迟,主要表现在鱼鳔未形成、心率异常、血液循环停滞和行动(胸鳍摆动、尾部摆动等)迟缓,且均能显著延迟胚胎孵化甚至造成胚胎不孵化;由畸形率可知,阿曼原油具有较强的致畸性,以心包水肿、背部弯曲和尾部弯曲最显著。由结果可知,经GM-2处理后的阿曼原油(CEWAF)比未处理的阿曼原油(WAF)对斑马鱼胚胎产生更严重的毒性效应。     

Proteomics analysis of zebrafish brain following chronically exposed to bisphenol A

Bisphenol A, a plastic monomer and plasticizer, is a well-known endocrine disrupter, widely present in the aquatic environment, but little is known regarding its neurotoxicity in fish. Herein, we investigated its effects on male zebrafish brain. Zebrafish were exposed to 10 µg/L BPA for 45 days. An isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation approach coupled with nano high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was employed to detect and identify differentially expressed proteins. A total of 46 proteins was identified and categorized into functional classes that mostly included metabolism and transport, cytoplasm and organelle, ion and nucleotide binding, indicating that bisphenol A toxicity in fish brain is complex. The biological pathways of starch and sucrose metabolism, calcium signaling, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were also induced. Proteomic analyses add new perspectives to bisphenol A neurotoxicity in aquatic organisms.     

1H-NMR-based metabolomic studies of bisphenol A in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to increasing concentrations of bisphenol A (4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, BPA). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to detect aberrant metabolomic profiles after 72 h of BPA exposure at all levels tested (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/L). The OPLS-DA score plots showed that BPA exposure caused significant alterations in the metabolome. The metabolomic changes in response to BPA exposure generally exhibited nonlinear patterns, with the exception of reduced levels of several metabolites, including glutamine, inosine, lactate, and succinate. As the level of BPA exposure increased, individual metabolite patterns indicated that the zebrafish metabolome was subjected to severe oxidative stress. Interestingly, ATP levels increased significantly at all levels of BPA exposure. In the present study, we demonstrated the applicability of ¹H-NMR-based metabolomics to identify the discrete nature of metabolic changes.     

基于斑马鱼全生命周期毒性测试的研究进展

作为一种模式生物,斑马鱼具有很多优点,包括体积小、成本低、适应性广、繁殖周期短、胚胎透明且产卵量高等,因而被广泛应用于生态毒理学等领域。斑马鱼的生命阶段主要包括胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼3个阶段。近年来,斑马鱼全生命周期的毒理学研究所占比重不断上升并呈稳定增长的趋势。本文对斑马鱼3个生命阶段及整个生命周期的毒性试验展开综述,介绍了斑马鱼全生命周期实验在毒理学中的研究进展,总结了各生命阶段国内外的标准规范和资源库信息、毒理学终点及转基因斑马鱼的研究进展,归纳了多阶段毒性评价和整个生命周期毒性评价的应用。最后,对全生命周期和基于斑马鱼毒性测试的应用做出展望,对未来开展的相关研究提出建议。     

几类常见污染物对斑马鱼运动影响的研究进展

随着工农业的快速发展和人们生活水平的提高,排放到环境中的污染物种类及数量正在急剧上升,引发了日益严峻的环境问题。环境污染物对生物体内的各项生理活动也产生着深远的影响。为探究污染物对斑马鱼运动系统的影响,本文就斑马鱼运动发生的调控机理以及不同种类的环境污染物对斑马鱼运动行为系统干扰的研究进展进行了综合阐述,归纳了各类污染物对斑马鱼运动神经的损伤效应,在分子水平上探讨了其可能的作用机制,并且展望了环境污染物对斑马鱼运动神经毒性的未来研究方向。     

氟与硒对鱼类联合毒性的研究

采用斑马鱼长、短效应测定技术研究了氟硒共存的联合毒性。结果表明在氟硒毒性1：1情况下,96h内均为拮抗作用。但在浓度1：1情况下短效应实验,24h为拮抗作用,48h为相加作用．96h为协同作用。鱼类长效应快速测定结果也为毒性明显增大的协同作用。     

四环素和砷对斑马鱼的联合毒性及机制

选取斑马鱼为模式生物,研究TET（四环素）和As（砷）对斑马鱼的联合毒性.结果表明,50μg/L TET和100μg/L As的联合暴露显著增加斑马鱼体内氧化应激（GPx）、炎症因子（TNF-α）和凋亡因子（C-jun）相关基因表达,造成肠道和肝脏组织更严重的损伤.50μg/L TET和100μg/L As联合暴露呈现的协同毒性效应与P-gp基因被抑制介导的As在肠道和肝脏蓄积量[（704.15±24.50） ng/g和（458.35±24.25ng/g）]显著增加有关.此外,发现肠道的通透性及微生物群落结构的变化对TET和As协同毒性无明显影响.     

Physiological Rearrangements in the Progeny of White Rats in the Zone of the Chernobyl Accident

Studies on six generations of white rats kept at the experimental station in Chernobyl showed that the dynamics of hormonal rearrangements and endocrine responses evoked by additional stress (hypokinesia) were generation- and sex-dependent. The male rats of the first five generations were characterized by hypercorticoidism, early involutional shifts, and decreased reactivity in response to hypokinesia. By the sixth and seventh generations, the hormonal profiles shifted toward an increase in the background level of sex hormones and their role in the response to hypokinesia. In female rats, the hormonal indices and reactivity changed less significantly.     

全氟辛酸诱导斑马鱼脾脏损伤及白细胞介素表达紊乱的免疫毒效应研究

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是新型持久性有机污染物,在水生生态系统多介质环境中广泛分布,其对水生生物的致毒机理备受关注.本文应用透射电镜和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了PFOA(0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg·L-1)在7 d和14 d两个不同暴露时间段对斑马鱼脾脏的损伤效应及对白介素指标IL-1β、IL-4和IL-21表达的影响.结果表明,PFOA能够明显导致斑马鱼脾脏损伤,脾脏细胞呈现细胞膜皱缩和空泡化等特征.PFOA能够明显干扰斑马鱼脾脏白介素的表达.对于7 d暴露组,IL-1β和IL-4在m RNA水平的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加呈现出明显的先上升后下降的趋势;而IL-21的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加不断上升.对于14 d暴露组,IL-1β和IL-21在m RNA水平的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加呈现出明显的先上升后下降的趋势;而IL-4的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加不断上升.线性相关性分析表明,当暴露时间为7 d时,IL-1β表达量与IL-4表达量的相关系数为0.53;当暴露时间为14 d时,IL-1β表达量与IL-21表达量的相关系数为0.50,这说明PFOA诱导不同时间段后,斑马鱼脾脏IL-1β的表达量分别受IL-4和IL-21表达的影响.综上,本研究证实全氟辛酸能够通过诱导白介素表达的紊乱而导致斑马鱼免疫系统损伤,存在明显的剂量-效应特征.白介素IL-1β、IL-4和IL-21可以作为监测PFOA对水生生物健康风险评价研究的重要生物标志物.     

Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on perfluorooctane sulfonate induced thyroid-disrupting on zebrafish larvae

Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) and ZnO nanoparticles(nano-ZnO) are widely distributed in the environment.However,the potential toxicity of co-exposure to PFOS and nano-ZnO remains to be fully elucidated.The test investigated the effects of co-exposure to PFOS and nano-ZnO on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid(HPT) axis in zebrafish.Zebrafish embryos were exposed to a combination of PFOS(0.2,0.4,0.8 mg/L) and nano-ZnO(50 mg/L)from their early stages of life(0–14 days).The whole-body content of TH and the expression of genes and proteins related to the HPT axis were analyzed.The co-exposure decreased the body length and increased the malformation rates compared with exposure to PFOS alone.Co-exposure also increased the triiodothyronine(T3) levels,whereas the thyroxine(T4)content remained unchanged.Compared with the exposure to PFOS alone,exposure to both PFOS(0.8 mg/L) and nano-ZnO(50 mg/L) significantly up-regulated the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor,sodium/iodidesymporter,iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid receptors and significantly down-regulated the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone,thyroglobulin(TG),transthyretin(TTR) and thyroid receptors.The protein expression levels of TG and TTR were also significantly down-regulated in the co-exposure groups.In addition,the expression of the thyroid peroxidase gene was unchanged in all groups.The results demonstrated that PFOS and nano-ZnO co-exposure could cause more serious thyroid-disrupting effects in zebrafish than exposure to PFOS alone.Our results also provide insight into the mechanism of disruption of the thyroid status by PFOS and nano-ZnO.