三峡工程对洞庭湖区滩地出露天数的影响

通过分析洞庭湖区 8个代表水文站 37年 11× 10 4 个逐日水位数据 ,研究了湖区不同时期滩地出露天数的变化规律 ,根据三峡工程建成前后与建成初期典型年逐日水位数据库资料 ,分析了三峡工程建成后 ,湖区各代表水文站水位的变化 ,在以上研究基础上 ,预测了三峡工程对湖区滩地出露天数的影响。认为 :三峡工程建成后初期 ,滩地出露天数变化的是低位滩地 ,中位滩地出露天数有一定变化 ,高位滩地基本不变 ;1～ 5月低位滩地和 6月中位滩地的出露天数都减少 ,7～ 9月出露情况不变 ,10～ 11月中低位滩地出露天数增加值大 ,12月出露天数变化小 ;其中东洞庭湖区和南洞庭湖区的横岭湖区滩地变化大。建成后中长期 ,所有高程滩地出露天数将逐渐增加。     

Flame extension length of inclined hydrogen jet fire impinging on a water curtain

The use of a water curtain system to prevent fire spread has been extensively investigated, but the case of an inclined jet fire inhibited with a water curtain is not involved. A series of experiments were conducted on inclined hydrogen jet fires with various fuel flow rates, nozzle diameters and inclination angles under the influence of a vertical water curtain. This study aims to explore the burning behaviors of inclined jet flames at the impingement area, specifically the flame extension lengths. The experimental results show that an increase in fuel flow rates or nozzle diameter leads to a larger flame extension length. With the increase of flame inclination angle, the flame extension length decreases and the influence of nozzle diameter on the flame extension length is attenuated. A new dimensionless heat release rate is proposed to correlate with the dimensionless flame extension length by incorporating an air entrainment coefficient. The model built in this study can be used to predict the flame extension length of jet flames with different diameters, fuel flows and inclinations under the influence of a water curtain, and is validated by data in the previous study.     

基于微台阶法对连拱隧道稳定性的研究

为研究软弱围岩基于微台阶法连拱隧道合理的掌子面纵向间距、仰拱一次开挖长度和开挖进尺施工参数,确保隧道安全和高效施工,以云南省元蔓高速公路风口山隧道为研究对象,从力学机理上分析了施工参数对隧道稳定的影响,采用数值模拟方法,分析纵向间距对中隔墙水平位移和开挖面叠加效应的影响、仰拱一次开挖长度对拱腰水平位移和中隔墙受力的影响、开挖进尺对围岩变形特征和掌子面剪应力的影响,对连拱隧道微台阶法进行最优化设计。结果表明,掌子面纵向间距2D、仰拱一次开挖长度4 m、开挖进尺2m为宜,可为类似连拱隧道的施工提供指导。     

侧部点式排烟模式下烟气分层特性研究

引入烟气掺混影响长度的概念,针对侧部点式排烟模式下不同火灾热释放速率、排烟流量等变化条件,对烟气层厚度、烟气层温度及水平流动速度随烟气水平蔓延的变化情况进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:烟气掺混影响长度与排烟流量成正比例增长关系;排烟流量较小时,烟气存在明显分层,随着排烟流量的增大,烟气层与冷空气层剧烈掺混,烟气层变得紊乱,看不到明显的分层现象;同一纵向条件下排烟口附近上层烟气层的流速值随排烟流量增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,不同纵向条件下排烟口外侧烟层流速较低,距离排烟口越远时,侧向排烟对烟气蔓延的抑制作用越弱;排烟流量对于烟气层稳定性的抑制作用主要集中在排烟口处及排烟口与隧道端部区段。     

基于TruckSim的大型货物运输车辆安全运行纵坡最大长度研究*

为研究适用于典型大型货物运输车辆的道路纵坡及最大坡长参数,构建大型货物运输车辆动力学仿真模型,并考虑车辆冲坡行为及公路线形设计习惯,建立包含直线提速蓄能路段、以最小长度控制的竖曲线路段以及不同坡度纵坡路段组成的试验道路,对比分析设计速度120 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~3.0%,设计速度100 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~4.0%以及设计速度80 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~5.0%3种不同道路条件下,大型货物运输车辆在试验路段的运行速度变化规律。依据速度一致性原则,以大型货物运输车辆的运行速度衰减度作为控制指标,得到各设计速度道路不同纵坡路段对应的最大纵坡长度。结果表明:在保证纵坡路段满足最小长度要求的条件下,通过减小纵坡路段长度,增大竖曲线长度,可提高大型货物运输车辆纵坡路段通过性。     

长径比对管道油气爆炸特性与火焰传播规律影响研究*

为了探究长径比对油气爆炸传播特性与火焰传播规律的影响,为复杂管道受限空间油气爆炸防控提供理论参考,结合油气爆炸与爆炸抑制工程实际需要,构建不同长径比管道油气爆炸模拟实验系统,在此基础上开展不同初始浓度的预混油气-空气混合气爆炸实验。研究结果表明:管道内部的预混油气爆炸超压信号呈先上升后下降的趋势,由于耗散以及憋压效应导致超压下降平稳后仍大于初始压力;同时长径比增加会导致达到最大爆炸超压的油气浓度增加,油气爆炸超压峰值随着长径比的增加呈现上升→下降→上升的规律,小长径比管道的油气爆炸超压峰值高于大长径比管道,但同为小长径比管道或大长径比管道工况的实验结果对比显示爆炸超压峰值随着长径比增加而提升;而超压上升速率则会随着长径比的增加而上升;长径比的增加同时也会促进火焰的加速传播并减小火焰持续时间。     

Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and turbulence in hydraulic jumps

Many environmental problems are linked to multiphase flows encompassing ecological issues, chemical processes and mixing or diffusion, with applications in different engineering fields. The transition from a supercritical flow to a subcritical motion constitutes a hydraulic jump. This flow regime is characterised by strong interactions between turbulence, free surface and air–water mixing. Although a hydraulic jump contributes to some dissipation of the flow kinetic energy, it is also associated with increases of turbulent shear stresses and the development of turbulent eddies with implications in terms of scour, erosion and sediment transport. Despite a number of experimental, theoretical and numerical studies, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the physical mechanisms involved in the diffusion and air–water mixing processes within hydraulic jumps, as well as on the interaction between the free-surface and turbulence. New experimental investigations were undertaken in hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers up to Fr = 8.3. Two-phase flow measurements were performed with phase-detection conductivity probes. Basic results related to the distributions of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length are presented. New developments are discussed for the interfacial bubble velocities and their fluctuations, characterizing the turbulence level and integral time scales of turbulence representing a “lifetime” of the longitudinal bubbly flow structures. The analyses show good agreement with previous studies in terms of the vertical profiles of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length. The dimensionless distributions of interfacial velocities compared favourably with wall-jet equations. Measurements showed high turbulence levels. Turbulence time scales were found to be dependent on the distance downstream of the toe as well as on the distance to the bottom showing the importance of the lower (channel bed) and upper (free surface) boundary conditions on the turbulence structure.     

Wintering French Mallard and Teal Are Heavier and in Better Body Condition than 30?Years Ago: Effects of a Changing Environment?

Animal populations are exposed to large-scale anthropogenic impact from e.g. climate change, habitat alteration and supplemental stocking. All of these may affect body condition in wintering dabbling ducks, which in turn may affect an individual’s survival and reproductive success. The aim of this study was to assess whether there have been morphometric changes in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Teal (Anas crecca) over the last 30 years at a major wintering site. Body mass and condition increased from the 1950s–1960s to the 2000s in both species. The increase in body mass amounted to as much as 11.7%, with no corresponding change in body size. Improved body condition was maintained from early to mid-winter, but then converged with historical values for late winter. Our interpretation is that increasingly benign ambient winter conditions permit ducks to maintain better energetic “safety margins” throughout winter, and that converging spring departure values may be related to evolutionary flight energetic optima. The observed changes are consistent with large-scale climate amelioration and local/regional habitat improvement (both anthropogenic).     

半横向排烟下公路隧道火灾烟气逆流长度规律研究

为研究不同因素对半横向排烟模式下公路隧道火灾烟气逆流长度的影响规律,采用理论分析推导火灾烟气逆流长度与火源功率、排烟速度、排烟口面积和排烟口间距4个因素的无量纲关系式,运用数值模拟研究不同因素下火灾烟气的运动规律,最后拟合得到烟气逆流长度的无量纲关系式.结果表明:在半横向排烟模式下,烟气逆流长度随火源功率的增大而增大,...     

交通方式对城市空间形态的影响——以芜湖市为例

城市交通方式和道路系统的布局对城市的规模和空间结构具有重大影响。以芜湖市为例，通过对不同历史时期的比较，提出了城市在水运时期的单侧带状布局、陆路时期的放射布局和综合高速交通时期的都市区三种空间布局形式。此外，借用长度-半径维数模型与关联维数模型对交通方式与城市空间形态之间的关系进行了论证和探讨。