杀螟硫磷对褶皱臂尾轮虫毒性效应研究

运用生态毒理学方法,研究了农药杀螟硫磷对褶皱臂尾轮虫急性和慢性毒性影响.结果表明:杀螟硫磷对轮虫24 h急性毒性半致死浓度为9.57 mg/L;慢性毒性中,除浓度为0.5 mg/L外,一般随着浓度升高,幼体期延长,生殖期缩短,寿命缩短,生殖量下降;种群增长随浓度增加而减缓,但低浓度没有影响;除0.5 mg/L实验组所产休眠卵数量比对照组略增外,其它各实验组随浓度增加其休眠卵数量和孵化率明显下降,这表明杀螟硫磷毒性监测休眠卵孵化率可作为重要的监测指标.     

Influence of surfactant concentration on foliar retention of pesticides used in forestry

Abstract

Aqueous tank mixes of permethrin, fenitrothion, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), diflubenzuron (DFB), and glyphosate containing different amounts of Triton® X‐114, a nonionic surfactant, were prepared. Glyphosate formed clear solutions, permethrin and fenitrothion formed emulsions, DFB and B.t provided suspensions. Emulsion stability of permethrin and fenitrothion increased with increasing surfactant level, while the emulsion drop size decreased.

Foliage of white oak, trembling aspen, white spruce and balsam fir were dipped in tank mixes of pesticides (except B.t.) labelled with ¹⁴carbon. The amount of pesticide retained on foliage was determined by liquid scintillation counting. Foliage was also dipped in non‐radioactive B.t. tank mixes, and the protein retained was determined colorimetrically. With all tank mixes, a direct relationship was observed between the mass of liquids retained on foliage and liquid viscosity. In contrast, the amount of pesticide retained was unaffected by viscosity, but was influenced by emulsion drop size. Initially, the amount of pesticide retained on foliage increased with increasing surfactant concentration. Beyond an optimum surfactant level, the emulsion drop sizes were too small and the emulsions became too stable to allow maximum retention of pesticides on foliage. With the glyphosate solutions, however, no optimum surfactant level was indicated because foliar concentrations continued to increase with increasing surfactant levels.     

Interaction between co‐solvents and algae in the residue dynamics of fenitrothion

Abstract

Fresh and estuarine water algae maintained in laboratory microcosms simulating river‐lake/estuary‐bay systems were exposed to ¹⁴C‐fenitrothion formulated with Atlox and tank mixed with Aerotex or Dowanol (11.5:1.5:1.5 w/v/v). Generally, the tank mix co‐solvents determined the amount of uptake and the array of derivatives formed by the algae. Typically, exposed to an Aerotex mix the ratio of ethyl acetate extractable (NP) fraction : ethyl acetate unextractable (P) fraction was as 3.5:1.0, exposed to a Dowanol mix the ratio was as 1.5:1.0. Within any comparable time period, fresh water algae turned over more of the C‐ring of fenitrothion than the estuarine genera. Turn‐over was enhanced when Aerotex was the tank mix co‐solvent.     

杀螟硫磷降解菌FDS-1的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从长期受杀螟硫磷污染的土壤中分离到一株能以杀螟硫磷为唯一碳源生长的细菌 FDS-1,根据其生理生化分析和 16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No. AY550913)序列同源性分析,将该菌初步鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia sp.).该菌能在 14h 内完全降解100mg/L 的杀螟硫磷.该菌降解杀螟硫磷最适 pH 值为 7.0,最适温度为 30℃,菌株降解杀螟硫磷的速率和起始接种量呈正相关.酶的定域试验表明,该菌中有机磷水解酶为胞内酶.