Real-world adjustments of driver seat and head restraint in Saab 9-3 vehicles

Objective: Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), commonly denoted whiplash injury, is a worldwide problem. These injuries occur at relatively low changes of velocity (typically <25 km/h) in impacts from all directions. Rear impacts, however, are the most common in the injury statistics. Females have a 1.5–3 times higher risk of whiplash injury than males.

?Improved seat design is the prevailing means of increasing the protection of whiplash injury for occupants in rear impacts. Since 1997, more advanced whiplash protection systems have been introduced on the market, the Saab Active Head Restraint (SAHR) being one of the most prominent. The SAHR—which is height adjustable—is mounted to a pressure plate in the seatback by means of a spring-resisted link mechanism.

?Nevertheless, studies have shown that seats equipped with reactive head restraints (such as the SAHR) have a very high injury-reducing effect for males (～60–70%) but very low or no reduction effect for females. One influencing factor could be the position of the head restraint relative to the head, because a number of studies have reported that adjustable head restraints often are incorrectly positioned by drivers.

?The aim was to investigate how female and male Saab drivers adjust the seat in the car they drive the most.

Methods: The seated positions of drivers in stationary conditions have been investigated in a total of 76 volunteers (34 females, 42 males) who participated in the study. Inclusion criteria incorporated driving a Saab 9–3 on a regularly basis.

Results: The majority of the volunteers (89%) adjusted the head restraint to any of the 3 uppermost positions and as many as 59% in the top position.

?The average vertical distance between the top of the head and the top of the head restraint (offset) increase linearly with increasing statures, from an average of ?26 mm (head below the head restraint) for small females to an average of 82 mm (head above the head restraint) for large males. On average, the offset was 23 mm for females, which is within a satisfactory range and in accordance with recommendations; the corresponding value for males was 72 mm.

?The backset tended to be shorter among female volunteers (on average 27 mm) compared to the male volunteers (on average 44 mm). Moreover, the backset tended to increase with increasing statures.

Conclusions: Incorrect adjustment of the head restraint cannot explain the large differences found between the sexes in the effectiveness of the SAHR system.     

改性粉煤灰填充聚丙烯酸钠高吸水性树脂合成工艺研究

改性粉煤灰与丙烯酸通过水溶液聚合法制备出粉煤灰／聚丙烯酸钠高吸水性复合材料。采用单因素法,分析了中和度、聚合温度、反应时间及静置分层处理对高吸水性复合材料吸水性能和耐盐性能的影响。实验结果表明：当中和度为50％、聚合温度为70℃、反应时间为5h时且静置分层处理所制备的高吸水性复合材料具有最佳的吸水性能。     

Distribution of plants differing in attitude toward thermal conditions in communities of the timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’, the Southern Urals

Specific features in the distribution of plant species differing in their attitude toward thermal conditions have been studied in communities of the present-day timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’ in the Southern Urals. It has been shown that the distribution of such species is characterized by significant spatial nonuniformity. Elevation above sea level, local conditions in habitats located at the same altitudinal level, and specific features of mountain slopes account for 13–84, 5–30, and 0.4–14% of the total variance of test parameters, respectively. The abundance of plants changes nonlinearly along the altitudinal gradient, whereas changes in the species diversity of different plant groups have an almost linear pattern. Marked differences between plant communities with respect to the proportions of species differently responding to changes in thermal conditions have been revealed on all slopes in the upper part of the timberline ecotone, upon transition from the slopes proper to the plateau-like areas of intermontane depressions.     

真空再生的有机胺脱硫技术在硫酸尾气净化中的应用

介绍了一种新型真空再生的有机胺脱硫技术以及其应用于江铜贵溪冶炼厂硫酸尾气净化的中试运行情况。通过工业性试验验证了该技术的可行性,确定了最佳工艺条件,并测试了脱硫系统的稳定性。结果表明:脱硫剂循环量为9 m3/h、再生塔操作真空度为(35±5)kPa、再生蒸汽压力为0.3~0.35 MPa、蒸汽流量为1.0~1.2 t/h条件下,再生效率大于90%,脱硫效率大于99%,净化气中ρ(SO_2)低于10 mg/m~3。该技术克服了传统有机胺脱硫技术存在的有机胺消耗大、蒸汽耗量大、设备腐蚀严重等问题,具有脱硫效率高、稳定性高、再生蒸汽消耗低、有机胺损耗量低、运行成本低、无二次污染等优点,完全适应于冶金制酸尾气中SO_2的脱除,具有较好的环境效益和经济效益。     

南昌市城市污水厂污泥处理处置方案探讨

从理化性质、有机质及N、P、K等营养元素、重金属、热值等方面对南昌市城市污水厂污泥泥质特征进行分析,调查南昌市污泥处理处置的现状及存在问题,针对多种污泥处置方式和处理技术对其适用性进行探讨,最终确定适合南昌市污水处理厂的污泥处理处置方案。     

The Effects of Gas Flow Rate and the Interval Time of Water Supplement on Ethanol Production of Rice Straw by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation

In the present work, characteristics of ethanol production from a single particle composing of pretreated rice straw, cellulase, and β-glucosidase were invesitgated by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The experiment experienced a start-up stage for S. cerevisiae biofilm formation, which was operated at an initial pH value of 4.8 for yeast solution, culture temperature of 30°C, flow rate of 0.8 mL/min for yeast solution, and stably operating stage for ethanol production at a culture temperature of 30°C. Investigations found that the maximal ethanol yield of 9.7 mg/g and the biofilm thickness of 0.37 mm were obtained at 30 mL/min of carrier gas flow rate. Also, the optimal interval time of water supplement was 4 h for SSF. The results show that the appropriate gas flow rate and the interval time of water supplement can keep the high activities of biofilm and enzymes during SSF and result in a high ethanol yield.     

蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)对土壤中镉的胁迫反应及修复潜力研究

以洞庭湖湿地新发现的Cd高富集植物——蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,系统研究了蒌蒿在生长期内对Cd的性状反应及富集特征.结果表明,大于40mg.kg-1的Cd胁迫对蒌蒿叶片伤害明显,且导致生物量下降,但植株在100mg.kg-1胁迫下可完成生活史,对Cd有较强的耐受能力;土壤中有效态Cd的含量仅占土壤全Cd含量的15.3%～37.1%;相同胁迫浓度下,各生长阶段的植株体内Cd含量差别不大,但由于生物量的原因,幼苗期对Cd的提取量显著小于其他时期,其中40～60mg.kg-1的Cd处理可使蒌蒿地上部分Cd含量达492～588mg.kg-1(成株期),且植株对该浓度范围的Cd污染去除效果最好;蒌蒿可作为对湿地土壤Cd污染较理想的修复植物加以研究和利用.     

碱处理污泥发酵产氢生物相特征

为了揭示碱处理污泥发酵产氢生物相的特征,分别将取自3个不同处理工艺污水厂的污泥进行碱处理,并分别在酸性(pH5)和碱性(pH11)的条件下进行发酵产氢.结果表明,虽然污泥来源不同,但经碱处理后溶出的可溶性有机质均以蛋白质居多,碳水化合物的量仅是蛋白质的15%～16%,在初始pH11的碱性条件下发酵产氢均可获得较高的产氢率,最大(以H2/TCOD计)可达31.9mL/g,但在初始pH5的酸性条件下产氢率不高,且伴有耗氢现象.用F338GC/R534细菌16SrDNA通用引物对发酵产氢结束时的生物相进行PCR-DGGE分析,不同污水厂污泥产氢的生物相差异显著.随着发酵的进行,生物相中优势菌群有增多的趋势,产氢反应过程中微生物菌群表现出更替消长的现象.