灰色关联分析在玉米高产施肥技术上的应用

通过施肥因子对玉米产量的分析，研究影响作物产量的各施肥因子的影响程度．通过关联因子和关联序分析，提出一套切实可行的施肥方案．并为今后研究作物施肥提供一条新的行之有效的研究途径和一种新的方法．研究结果表明：在玉米高产施肥中，施肥与产量之间的关联序为：基N＞追N＞总N＞总K＞追K＞基P＞追P＞总P（总N＞总K＞总P），粒N＞苗N＞穗N＞穗K＞粒P＞苗K＞苗P＞穗P＞粒K．这为玉米高产施肥提供了重要的理论依据，并为作物施肥技术研究开辟了一条新路．     

Heavy metal pollution in China: Origin,pattern and control

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Heavy metal is among one of the pollutants, which cause severe threats to humans and the environment in China. The aim of the present review is to make information on the source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the environment, and measures of pollution control accessible internationally, which are mostly published in Chinese. METHODS: Information from scientific journals, university journals and governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni a included also in part as well. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In soil, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.097, 22.6, 26.0 and 74.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the water of the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.080, 7.91, 15.7 and 18.7 microg/L, respectively. In reference to human activities, the heavy metal pollution comes from three sources: industrial emission, wastewater and solid waste. The environment such as soil, water and air were polluted by heavy metals in some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3.16, 99.3, 84.1 and 147 mg/kg, respectively, in the soils of a wastewater irrigation zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and threaten human health. Some diseases resulting from pollution of geological and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and non-reversible effects. CONCLUSIONS: In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: To remediate and improve environmental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans and animals healthy. Phytoremediation would be an effective technique to remediate the heavy metal pollutions.     

贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林施肥研究

采用正交设计法对贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林进行施肥试验，结果表明，施肥对林木生长具有良好的效果．至第７年，单株材积平均为对照的１３２．３％；所施元素中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ对单株材积均有很大影响，且都达到０．１以上显著水平；而施Ｐ的自第４年至第７年均有良好的反应，其中以Ｐ２的效果最好；施肥的最优化组合为Ｎ２Ｐ２Ｋ２．     

Nitrogen turnover on organic and conventional mixed farms

Separate focus on crop fertilization or feeding practices inadequately describes nitrogen (N) loss from mixed dairy farms because of (1) interaction between animal and crop production and between the production system and the manager, and (2) uncertainties of herd N production and crop N utilization. Therefore a systems approach was used to study N turnover and N efficiency on 16 conventional and 14 organic private Danish farms with mixed animal (dairy) and crop production. There were significant differences in N surplus at the farm level (242 kg. N/ha. vs. 124 kg. N/ha. on conventional and organic dairy farms respectively) with a correlation between stocking rate and N surplus. N efficiency was calculated as the output of N in animal products divided by the net N import in fodder, manure and fertilizer. N turnover in herd and individual crops calculated on selected farms showed differences in organic and conventional crop N utilization. This is explained via a discussion of the rationality behind the current way of planning the optimum fertilizer application in conventional agriculture. The concept of marginal N efficiency is insufficient for correcting problems of N loss from dairy farms. Substantial reductions in N loss from conventional mixed dairy farms is probably unlikely without lower production intensity. The concept of mean farm unit N efficiency might be a way to describe the relation between production and N loss to facilitate regulation. This concept is linked to differing goals of agricultural development—i.e. intensification and separation vs. extensification and integration. It is discussed how studies in private farms—using organic farms as selected critical cases—can demonstrate possibilities for balancing production and environmental concern.     

有机农业土壤培肥的理论与方法

根据有机农业培肥理论，从有机肥的特性，作物品质及生长规律，土壤性质和合理轮作复种等方面简述有机土壤培肥技术。     

气溶胶直接辐射效应对全球陆地生态系统碳循环的影响

论文利用通用陆面模式CLM4.0-CN对全球陆地生态系统生物地球化学循环过程进行模拟,分析气溶胶直接辐射效应对全球陆地生态系统碳循环的影响。结果表明：气溶胶直接辐射效应使2007年全球陆地生态系统平均总初级生产力（GPP）、净初级生产力（NPP）、异养呼吸（R_H）、自养呼吸（R_A）以及净生态系统生产力（R_eco）都呈现出增加的态势。具体的变化特征则随着地区不同而表现出极大的差异,在非洲中西部、中国中东部、美国东南部和欧洲中南部地区GPP增加,在南美洲亚马逊地区及东南亚等地区GPP减少。NPP和R_A与GPP的分布基本一致。分析发现,气溶胶直接辐射效应导致陆地生态系统碳循环发生变化有如下两方面原因： 1）散射施肥效应,即植被阴生叶可以吸收的散射辐射（光合有效辐射）增加使其光合速率增加;2）辐射变化导致温度和湿度条件发生变化,从而改变植物生物物理和化学过程速率。     

喷施锌肥对油菜镉锌生物可给性的影响

采用溶液培养和体外消化实验,研究不同Zn营养条件下,喷施ZnSO_4和ZnNa_2EDTA对两种油菜Cd、Zn质量分数以及生物可给性的影响,计算人体通过食用油菜摄入Cd、Zn的量,评估喷施Zn肥降低人体Cd摄入提高Zn吸收的潜力.结果表明,正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Cd质量分数显著低于缺Zn条件下,喷施ZnNa_2EDTA显著降低油菜Cd质量分数;正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Zn质量分数显著高于缺Zn条件下,喷施Zn肥可显著提高油菜Zn质量分数,其中喷施ZnSO_4处理效果最佳.正常Zn营养下油菜Cd的生物可给性显著低于缺Zn条件下,喷施Zn肥显著降低油菜Cd在胃阶段的生物可给性,与对照相比最大降幅为35.81%,喷施ZnSO_4显著降低Cd在小肠阶段的可给性,最大降幅为59.24%;喷施Zn肥使油菜Zn在胃和小肠阶段的生物可给性显著低于对照处理,最大降幅为68.90%,其中ZnSO_4降低效果明显强于ZnNa_2EDTA.食用Cd污染的普通油菜寒绿摄入Cd的量超过世界卫生组织推荐的每日耐受值,通过选择低积累油菜华骏或喷施ZnSO_4可以显著减少人体摄入Cd的量,有效降低Cd过量摄入的健康风险;食用未喷施Zn肥或喷施低浓度ZnNa_2EDTA的油菜有Zn摄入不足的风险,而食用喷施ZnSO_4或高浓度ZnNa_2EDTA的油菜可以满足蔬菜膳食Zn摄入的需要,其中喷施ZnSO_4效果更好.总之,喷施Zn肥可显著降低油菜地上部Cd、Zn的生物可给性,有效减少人体食用油菜摄入Cd的量,提高摄入Zn的量,其中喷施ZnSO_4处理的效果最佳.     

铁肥形态及施用方式对印度芥菜镉积累的影响

利用实际镉污染土壤(含镉0.08~1.89 mg/kg)进行盆栽试验,研究FeSO4、Fe(2SO4)3、EDTA.Na2Fe 3种铁肥和底施、追施2种施肥方式对印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)镉积累的影响。结果表明:施用Fe(2SO4)3的印度芥菜生物量与对照非常接近,而施用FeSO4和EDTA.Na2Fe的印度芥菜生物量均明显高于对照;底施EDTA.Na2Fe时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量最低,比对照低76%~85%;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量、吸Cd量、对土壤中Cd的净化率均最高,分别比对照提高48%~236%、52%~63%、110%~260%。研究认为底施EDTA.Na2Fe等络合态亚铁肥,可用于改善食用印度芥菜的品质;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,可用于强化印度芥菜对镉污染土壤的修复。为铁基复合肥生产及其在镉污染土壤修复和无公害农产品生产中的应用提供了依据。     

重金属Cu2+、Cd2+及氯氰菊酯对不同施肥模式土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

通过研究外源污染物在不同施肥模式土壤中的生物有效性,可为预测、降低污染物的生态环境效应提供理论依据.以3种不同施肥模式的土壤为材料［连续16 a：不施肥(CK)、施用腐熟豆饼+秸秆(OM)和施用NPK化肥(NPK)］,利用Biolog方法研究了Cu²⁺(100 mg/kg)、Cd²⁺(5　mg/kg)、氯氰菊酯(10　mg/kg)单一及复合污染对微生物功能多样性的影响.结果发现,NPK土壤微生物功能多样性最高,培养72　h,其AWCD值(平均吸光值)约为CK的1.19倍,OM的1.62倍.污染物加入后,3种土壤微生物功能多样性出现了不同的响应,NPK土壤下降最大,其次是CK,OM最小.氯氰菊酯与Cd复合污染对微生物功能多样性影响最大,在NPK土壤中AWCD下降了48%,6类碳源的利用能力、Shannon 指数、Simpson 指数和McIntosh 指数均显著降低.尽管氯氰菊酯对3种土壤微生物的碳源利用影响不大,但与重金属,尤其是Cd²⁺复合污染时,对微生物碳源利用的抑制明显加剧.Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺及氯氰菊酯对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响程度,除与土壤有机质含量有关外,可能还取决于有机质的组成和微生物的种群结构.     

赤红壤旱坡地玉米测土施肥技术研究

用东莞桥头和广州石牌的大田试验数据,配制每造玉米Ｈ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥需求量的Ｓｔａｎｆｏｒｄ经验公式,由目标产量与特定地块的肥力算出玉米配方肥的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ组分量。