施肥模式对砂姜黑土区土壤种子库影响的研究

通过对砂浆黑土区小麦-大豆轮作制地不同施肥模式的杂草土壤种子库（0～15 cm）进行调查,分析种子库的大小、组成、多样性等特征,探讨施肥模式与群落演替速率之间的关系。结果表明,施肥模式显著影响着土壤种子库的大小、组成、多样性、群落演替速率。土壤样品中共检出杂草种子18种,隶属于11科,且各处理优势种组成差异明显。种子库密度按NPK〉NP〉NK〉CK〉PK顺序依次递减且差异极显著（P〈0.01）。各处理物种组成不同,种数按CK〉NPK〉PK=NK〉NP顺序依次递减,群落均匀度指数按NP〉CK〉NK〉PK〉NPK顺序依次递减且差异显著（P〈0.05）,物种多样性指数按CK〉NP〉NK〉PK〉NPK顺序依次递减,群落优势度指数按NPK〉PK=NK〉CK〉NP顺序依次递减。我们初步认为适应与竞争机制影响土壤种子库的物种组成、密度的差异;施肥模式间土壤种子库的优势种变化尤为突出,引起均匀度的改变,导致施肥模式下土壤种子库多样性的差异。Whittaker指数按CK〈NPK〈PK=NK〈NP顺序依次增大,表明土壤种子库的群落演替速率依次加快,说明长期平衡施肥模式（NPK）对土壤种子库群落的影响明显小于PK、NP、NK施肥处理,群落结构较PK、NP、NK施肥处理更稳定。气候、取样时间、除草剂等因素导致年际间、种植季间的杂草土壤种子库特征差异明显。本研究认为长期平衡施肥既有利于作物的优质高产,也有利于农田土壤种子库群落的稳定,是建立合理、高效、稳定的农业生态系统以及取得良好的经济效益和生态效益的重要施肥方式。     

长期施肥对黄土高原梯田土壤养分特征和微生物资源限制的影响

长期不同施肥处理会改变土壤的理化性质和微生物生物量,但长期不同施肥对黄土高原梯田土壤微生物胞外酶活性变化和养分特征的影响尚不清楚.本研究以中国科学院安塞水土保持综合试验站长期养分定位试验样地为基础,分析了不施肥(CK)、有机肥与氮肥混施(MN)、有机肥与磷肥混施(MP)、有机肥、氮肥与磷肥混施(MNP)、单施有机肥(M...     

农业耕作对三峡水库支流库湾消落带土壤氮、磷含量及流失的影响

三峡水库低水位运行时,消落带由于落干期与作物生长期重叠,常被近岸农民开垦利用,然而传统的农业种植可能会影响库区水环境.为对比农耕和弃耕的水环境效应,选择一级支流澎溪河库湾消落带为研究区域,以玉米、土豆和花生地为研究对象,选择农耕期（2018年3~9月）和退耕期（2019年3~9月）对农耕地和弃耕地土壤各氮、磷形态含量进行研究,同时构建了农耕地与弃耕地氮、磷平衡模型,比较分析农耕和弃耕状态下土壤氮、磷收支特征及其流失风险.结果表明,玉米地土壤氨氮、全磷和无机磷含量在不同种植期差异显著;农耕地的氨氮和硝态氮的含量显著高于弃耕地,全磷、无机磷和钙结合态磷的含量显著低于弃耕地;土壤氮、磷盈余量大小顺序为玉米>土豆>花生,分别是76.89、51.92和43.74 kg·hm^-2以及79.69、75.76和17.78 kg·hm^-2,整体上,3种作物用地氮、磷盈余量大于流失风险值,研究区农耕地氮、磷污染潜势呈现.综上可知,消落带农业耕作将迫使氮、磷流失风险加剧,不利于水环境保护.     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱一气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照（T1）相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田＋化肥处理（T5）CH4平均排放通量为9．96mg·m^-2·h^-1,比增氮磷施肥处理（T4）和对照分别增加26．1％和120．0％;平衡施肥处理（T2）和减氮磷施肥处理（T3）CH4平均擗放通量比对照增加20％左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理（T1、T2、T3和T4）之间CH4排放存在显菩差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为他为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg·hm^-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70％的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥（过磷酸钙和氯化钾）作为基肥,并存分蘖期（2008年7月19日）追施占总N量30％的尿素。     

长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性影响的研究

为探讨长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性的影响,我们在安徽蒙城地区的一个长期肥料试验定位监测点开展了相关研究。采用镜检法对旱地土壤表层（0～15 cm）中土壤杂草种子的种类进行鉴定并计数,记录杂草种子22种,隶属15科。不同施肥处理区杂草种子丰富度以NP1/2K区最高（14.7种）,PK区最低（10.7种）;其中陌上菜（Lindernia procumbens）、栗米草（Mollugo pentaphylla）、醴肠（Eclipta prostrata）、泽星宿菜（Lysimachia candida lindl）四种杂草的种子密度较大,分别在不同的处理区占据优势;从整个试验区来看,烟台飘拂草（Fimbristylis stauntoni）在所有处理中的密度都比较大,处于优势地位。长期不同施肥方式下,农田土壤杂草种子库的物种多样性有显著差异：PK区Shanon-Wiener指数大于其他处理区,但是Simpson优势度指数最低;NPK区Simpson优势度指数最高;PK、CK区Pielou均匀度指数大于其他处理区。田间杂草种子库的群落结构及其物种组成也发生了一定的变化,Whittaker指数表明,与不施肥处理相比较,半量的P和缺N的影响最显著,缺P次之,缺K和平衡施肥则没有显著影响。Sorenson群落相似性指数和Bray Curtis指数聚类分析结果表明,与不施肥相比较,长期施用N、P、K肥能显著改变旱地土壤杂草种子库的组成。本研究表明长期平衡施肥处理更有利于维持和保护旱地土壤杂草种子库的生物多样性。     

Antecedents of fatigue, close calls, and crashes among commercial motor-vehicle drivers

PROBLEM: Minimizing driver fatigue among commercial motor-vehicle (CMV) drivers is a major safety issue in the United States. This study examines the effects of potentially fatigue-inducing factors inherent in truck driving work and company safety management in explaining: (a) drivers driving while fatigued, (b) the frequency of close calls due to fatigue, and (c) actual crashes among CMV drivers. METHOD: Data for this study are derived from a survey of CMV drivers in 116 trucking firms, with all data being driver-reported. The relative roles of fatigue-inducing factors and safety management practices in explaining variation in fatigue, close calls, and crashes are reported, along with the roles of fatigue in affecting close calls and crashes via hierarchical regression. RESULTS: Findings indicated that fatigue-inducing factors inherent in driving work and safety practices accounted for appreciable variation in driving fatigued (R(2) =.42) and close calls (R(2) =.35), but not crash involvement. Driving while fatigued also accounted for incremental increases in the amount of variation in close calls, after consideration of inherent factors and safety practices. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Findings indicate that safety practices (e.g., establishment of a strong safety culture, dispatcher scheduling practices, company assistance with fatiguing behaviors such as loading and unloading) have considerable potential to offset fatigue-inducing factors associated with truck driving work.     

Management practices as antecedents of safety culture within the trucking industry: similarities and differences by hierarchical level

PROBLEM: A homogeneous perception of safety is important for the achievement of a strong safety culture; however, employees may differ in their safety perceptions, depending on their position and/or hierarchical level within the organization. Moreover, there is limited information on the antecedents of safety culture. This study examines how safety training, driver scheduling autonomy, opportunity for safety input, and management commitment to safety influence individuals' perceptions of safety culture. METHOD: Data for this study were drawn from 116 trucking firms, stratified by three safety performance levels. The data were collected from drivers (lowest hierarchical level), dispatchers (medium hierarchical level), and safety directors (highest hierarchical level), regarding their perceptions of their respective corporate safety cultures. Perceptions of safety culture were analyzed through a linear regression using dummy variables to differentiate among the three hierarchical groups. The resulting model allowed for examination of the specific antecedents of safety culture for the three employee groups and the extent to which the hierarchical groups were in agreement with each other. RESULTS: Driver fatigue training, driver opportunity for safety input, and top management commitment to safety were perceived to be integral determinants of safety culture in all three groups. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Trucking firms seeking to strengthen employees' perceptions of safety culture might begin by improving these safety management practices while appreciating that they may have a different impact depending on the employee's hierarchical position (e.g., drivers' perceptions of safety culture are more influenced by top management commitment and driver fatigue training). A fourth safety practice examined, driver scheduling autonomy, was not found to be instrumental in shaping safety culture for any of the three hierarchical levels. Consistent with previous research, implementation of stronger safety cultures should result in fewer accidents.     

Use of Soil and Water Protection Practices Among Farmers in Three Midwest Watersheds

Data were collected from 1011 farmers in three Midwestern watersheds (Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota) to assess factors that influence the use of conservation production systems at the farm level. The “vested interests” perspective used to guide the investigation was derived from elements of social learning and social exchange theories. Respondents were asked to indicate their frequency of use for 18 agricultural production practices that could be adopted on Midwestern farms at the time of the study. Responses to the 18 items were summed to form a composite variable, termed “conservation production index,” for use as the dependent variable in multivariate analysis. Eleven independent variables were identified from the theory as likely predictors of conservation adoption, including respondents' perceptions about production costs, output and risks, and perceived importance of access to subsidies, technical assistance, and informational/educational programs. Regression analysis was used to assess the performance of the independent variables in explaining variance in the conservation production index. Explained variance in the three regression models ranged from 2% in the Minnesota watershed to 19% in the Ohio watershed. The researchers concluded that the model had limited utility in predicting adoption of conservation production systems within the three study watersheds. Findings are discussed in the context of conservation programs within the three areas.     

Evaluation of an Infiltration Best Management Practice Utilizing Pervious Concrete1

Abstract: A pervious concrete infiltration basin was installed on the campus of Villanova University in August 2002. A study was undertaken to determine what contaminants, if any, were introduced to the soils underlying the site as a result of this best management practice (BMP). The average infiltration rate at the site is approximately 10^?4 cm/s. The drainage area (5,208 m²) consists of grassy surfaces (36%), standard concrete/asphalt (30%), and roof surfaces (30%) that directly connect to the infiltration beds via downspouts and storm sewers. Composite samples of infiltrated stormwater were collected from the vadose zone using soil moisture suction devices. Discrete samples were collected from a port within an infiltration bed and a downspout from a roof surface. Samples from 17 storms were analyzed for pH, conductivity, and concentrations of suspended solids, dissolved solids, chloride, copper, and total nitrogen. Copper and chloride were the two constituents of concern at this site. Copper was introduced to the system from the roof, while chloride was introduced from deicing practices. Copper was not found in porewater beneath 0.3 m and the chloride was not significant enough to impact the ground water. This research indicates that with proper siting, an infiltration BMP will not adversely impact the ground water.     

长期施肥对五氯酚在红壤性水稻田中消解的影响研究

在种稻和未种稻2种条件下,研究了五氯酚（PCP,初始浓度85 mg/kg）在长期不同施肥处理红壤性水稻田中的消解特征.长期不同施肥方式为：不施肥（CK）、施无机肥尿素（N）、施有机肥（OM）和无机有机肥配施（N+OM）.结果表明,到收割水稻时,在未种稻情况下,CK、N、OM和N+OM处理表层土壤中可提取PCP残留分别为28.3、 34.2、 19.3、 18.7 mg/kg,在亚表层土壤中可提取PCP残留分别为6.3、 9.1、 5.1和4.1 mg/kg;在种稻情况下,表层土壤中可提取PCP残留分别为19.4、 30.9、 16.7和8.7 mg/kg,在亚表层土壤中可提取PCP残留分别为3.7、 6.1、 2.6和2.8 mg/kg.长期单施有机肥或无机有机肥配施显著加速表层土壤中PCP的消解,减缓表层土壤中PCP向下迁移;长期施尿素抑制表层土壤中PCP的消解,加速表层土壤中PCP向下迁移.与未种稻相比,种稻对表层土壤中PCP的消解呈现不同程度的促进作用,除N处理外,在其它3种长期施肥处理（CK、OM、N+OM）中均达到显著的水平.同时,种稻显著减少表层土壤中PCP向下迁移.无论种稻与否,PCP在稻田系统中均能发生还原脱氯降解生成2,3,4,5-四氯酚 （2,3,4,5-TeCP）和3, 4, 5-三氯酚（3,4,5-TCP）;在未种稻情况下, 2,3,4,5-TeCP是PCP脱氯降解的主要产物,而在种植水稻的情况下, 3,4 5-TCP是PCP脱氯降解的主要产物.