On the choice of farm management practices after the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy in 2003

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was fundamentally reformed in 2003. From 2005, farmers will receive decoupled income support payments instead of production premiums if basic standards for environment, food safety, animal health and welfare are met. Farmers are likely to adjust production and management practices to the new policy framework. We describe how this reform fits into the EU strategy of making agricultural production more environmentally friendly by concentrating on the financial aspects of the reforms. Using an agricultural sector model for Austria, we show that the reform will further decrease agricultural outputs, reduce farm inputs, lessen nitrogen surpluses and make environmentally friendly management practices more attractive for farmers.     

Accumulation and Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Andisols after a Different, 6-year Fertilization Management (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Andisols are widespread in Japan and have some special properties such as high anion exchange capacity, low bulk density, and high organic matter content, which might influence the accumulation or chemical fractionation of heavy metals. However, few such data exist in Japanese andisols. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the soil profiles and subsequently to assess their potential environmental hazard. Materials and Methods Soil samples were taken from a field experiment conducted on Japanese andisols, which had received either swine compost or chemical fertilizers for 6 years. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr were determined for all of the obtained extract solutions by ICP-AES. Results and Discussion Considerably higher total concentrations of Cu and Zn were observed in the top 20 cm layer of the compost-amended soil, relative to the unfertilized soil, while chemical fertilizers had little effect. Application of the swine compost increased the concentrations of Cu and Zn, but not Ni and Cr, in all fractions in the top 20 cm layer. The greatest increase in the organically bound fraction (OM) Cu and dilute acid-exchangeable fraction (DAEXCH) Zn was observed. This suggests that Cu and Zn are potentially bioavailable and mobile in the andisol profiles after 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost. On the other hand, distribution of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr among various soil fractions was generally unaffected by chemical fertilizers. Conclusions We observed that 6-year consecutive applications of the swine compost led to an increase in total metals of Cu and Zn, as well as their all-chemical fractions, in the top 20 cm soil layers. Potential hazard of heavy metals, especially of Cu and Zn, as a result of the use of swine compost on andisols, must be taken into account. Recommendations and Outlook The long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals, particularly Cu and Zn, in various plant tissues and soils, as well as their potential risk to surface water via runoff and groundwater via leaching, needs to be carefully considered. Further investigations in the long-term experiments are therefore necessary. - Abbreviations. EXCH, exchangeable fraction of metals; DAEXCH, dilute acid-exchangeable fraction of metals; FeMnOX, iron and manganese-oxide-bound fraction; OM, organically-bound fraction; RESD, residual fraction. COMPOST, SRNF, RANF, and CONTROL stand for compost (from swine wastes), slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (coated urea), readily available nitrogen fertilizer (including NH4-N, P, and K fertilizers), and no fertilizer application, respectively.     

长期施肥对旱塬麦田土壤大团聚体有机碳组分及冬小麦产量的影响

大团聚体是土壤有机碳固存的主要场所,对土壤肥力提升具有重要意义. 为揭示长期不同施肥措施下大团聚体有机碳的固持机制及产量效应,依托8 a定位试验,设不施肥（CK）、农户施肥（NP）、测控施肥（NPK）、测控+有机肥配施（NPKM）以及测控+生物有机肥配施（NPKB）这5个处理,采用“团聚体-密度”联合分组法,分析了黄土旱塬麦田土壤大团聚体中粗颗粒有机碳（cPOC）、细颗粒有机碳（fPOC）、微团聚体颗粒有机碳（iPOC）、游离态粉+黏颗粒有机碳（s+c_f）和微团聚体粉+黏颗粒有机碳（s+c_m）的变化特征及其与土壤碳投入和产量形成之间的关系. 结果表明,长期有机无机配施（NPKM和NPKB）较单施化肥（NP和NPK）显著提高了大团聚体中有机碳（SOC）含量,提升幅度高于对应处理土壤SOC提升幅度. 长期施肥有提高大团聚中cPOC、fPOC和iPOC含量,降低s+c_f和s+c_m含量趋势,且长期有机无机配施显著提高了大团聚中cPOC、fPOC和iPOC储量占比,显著降低了s+c_f储量占比,而长期单施化肥仅显著提升了大团聚中cPOC储量占比. 相关分析表明,小麦籽粒产量与有机碳组分（cPOC和iPOC）含量、土壤总有机碳含量、 >0.25 mm大团聚体有机碳含量以及土壤有机碳投入量存在极显著正相关性,相关系数为0.645~0.883. 综合来看,黄土旱塬麦区长期施肥尤其是有机无机配施,通过增加土壤碳投入量促进了游离态粉+黏颗粒有机碳（s+c_f）向其它形态有机碳的转化,进而整体提升大团聚体有机碳含量,为作物增产创造了良好土壤环境.     

三峡库区典型粮菜轮作系统施肥管理及环境代价评价

为明确三峡库区两种典型轮作系统的施肥管理现状及其环境代价,随机抽样选取三峡库区腹地涪陵区175个农户进行施肥管理现状调查,从生产力、肥料种类与用量、环境代价和经济效益四个方面进行对比分析榨菜-玉米和榨菜-水稻两种典型粮菜轮作模式,同时设计情景分析,评价优化施肥及新型肥料的施用在降低环境代价方面的作用.结果显示,两个粮菜...     

长期定位施肥对冬小麦吸收利用氮素的影响

研究不同施肥措施对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）吸收利用氮素的影响,为新形势下制定合理培肥施肥技术,减少氮素流失,提高氮素利用效率提供借鉴。以黄淮海平原国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益监测站1990年以来的长期定位施肥土壤为基础,研究长期不施肥（CK）、氮钾配施（NK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）、氮磷钾配施有机肥（MNPK）、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田（SNPK）5种施肥措施对冬小麦吸收利用氮素的影响。研究结果表明,与CK、NK施肥措施相比,NPK、MNPK、SNPK施肥措施有利于小麦各生育时期各器官对土壤氮素的吸收利用,能显著提高小麦各生育阶段的田间群体数、干物质积累量以及有效穗数,有利于灌浆期、成熟期氮素在茎、叶、鞘、穗等器官的累积。小麦对氮素吸收累积量、氮肥利用率以NPK最大,MNPK/SNPK次之,均极显著（P≤0.01）高于CK和NK;氮素吸收累积量大小依次为NPK〉MNPK〉SNPK〉NK〉CK。施NPK、NPK配施有机肥或秸秆还田的施肥措施均有利于冬小麦在整个生育时期对土壤氮素养分的吸收,提高籽粒产量。     

有机无机肥配合施用对菜园土壤及蔬菜硝酸盐类动态的影响

通过田间小区试验和室内测定,研究了有机肥与化肥以不同比例配合施用对小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量以及土壤硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:有机肥与化肥配合施用可以明显降低小白菜硝酸盐含量,减少硝酸盐在土壤剖面中向下淋溶,尤以有机肥与化肥施用比例为1∶1(质量比)时小白菜产量较高,体内硝酸盐含量较低,土壤下层的硝酸盐含量也较低,达到蔬菜高产优质,生态环境清洁健康的目标。     

三峡库区柑橘园施肥量对土壤氮淋失及残留量的影响

本试验以三峡库区秭归县生态站所在流域内的柑橘园土壤作为研究对象,通过0～20、0～40、0～60 cm深度的原状土柱淋溶试验对不同施肥量对柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失及残留量的影响进行研究.试验中设置4种施肥处理,为不施肥处理(CK)、低氮施肥处理(T1:250 kg·hm~(-2))、中氮施肥处理(T2:500 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮施肥处理(T3:750 kg·hm~(-2)).结果表明:①柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失的主要形态为硝态氮(NO_3~--N),占总氮(TN)淋失量的36. 93%～60. 07%,铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的比例为4. 40%～5. 79%.土壤中NO_3~--N残留量占TN残留量的比例为11. 31‰～45. 66‰,NH_4~+-N残留量的比例为1. 05‰～2. 07‰;②相同深度的柑橘园土壤中,氮素的淋失量和残留量与施肥量呈显著正相关.不同施肥量下土壤中TN的淋失量和残留量分别为11. 35～30. 11 kg·hm~(-2)和0. 30～1. 86 g·kg~(-1).其中,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的淋失量占TN淋失量的比例在T2处理下达到峰值,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的残留量占TN残留量比例峰值分别出现在T1和T2处理;③相同施肥量下,土壤中氮素不同形态的淋失量和残留量受土壤深度影响的差异较大.施肥后,NO_3~--N淋失量和残留量的峰值分别出现在20cm和40 cm深度,NH_4~+-N淋失量和残留量的峰值主要出现在20 cm深度.从试验中的结果推论,0～40 cm土柱中的中氮处理更有利于肥料氮向无机态氮转化以供植物吸收并降低施肥后氮素淋失的风险.     

Land use change in California,USA: Nonpoint source water quality impacts

California’s population increased 25% between 1980 and 1990, resulting in rapid and extensive urbanization. Of a total 123,000 ha urbanized in 42 of the state’s 58 counties between 1984 and 1990, an estimated 13% occurred on irrigated prime farmland, and 48% on wildlands or fallow marginal farmlands. Sixty-six percent of all new irrigated farmland put into production between 1984 and 1990 was of lesser quality than the prime farmland taken out of production by urbanization. Factors dictating the agricultural development of marginal farmlands include the availability and price of water and land, agricultural commodity prices, and technical innovations such as drip irrigation systems that impact the feasibility and costs of production. The increasing amount of marginal farmland being put into production could have significant water quality consequences because marginal lands are generally steeper, have more erodible soils, poorer drainage, and require more fertilizer than prime farmlands. Although no data exist to test our hypothesis, and numerous variables preclude definitive predictions, the evidence suggests that new irrigated marginal lands can increase nonpoint source (NPS) pollution for a given size area by an order of magnitude in some cases.     

长期定位有机物料还田对关中平原冬小麦-玉米轮作土壤N2O排放的影响

为定量研究有机物料还田对农田土壤N2O排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对关中平原冬小麦-玉米轮作24 a长期定位施肥试验地土壤N2O排放速率和相关环境因子进行了周年观测,试验处理为对照(CK,0 kg·hm~(-2))、氮磷钾(NPK,353kg·hm~(-2))、氮磷钾加秸秆还田[NPKS,(353+40)kg·hm~(-2)]和氮磷钾加牛粪[NPKM,(238+115)kg·hm~(-2)]4个处理.结果表明观测期内,CK处理N2O排放速率较小[2.9 g·(hm~2·d)~(-1)];施肥处理在冬小麦季施肥和玉米季灌溉后均出现排放峰,最高值分别为NPKS[113.4 g·(hm~2·d)~(-1)]和NPKM[495.0 g·(hm~2·d)~(-1)]处理.各处理N2O排放通量与土壤湿度均呈显著正相关关系(r0.28,P0.05).CK、NPK、NPKS和NPKM处理N2O年排放总量分别为(0.1±0.0)、(2.6±0.1)、(3.4±0.7)和(2.9±0.3)kg·hm~(-2),施肥处理排放总量显著高于CK处理(P0.05),但施肥处理之间差异不显著(P=0.06),说明施肥促进了N2O排放,但有机物料还田未能显著增加N2O排放.各施肥处理N2O直接排放系数分别为0.72%、0.83%和0.80%,均低于IPCC缺省值1%.施肥处理中,NPKM处理的单位产量N2O排放量最低.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil

Impacts of nutrient management on C mineralization and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission from soils have been of much concern in global change. Using laboratory incubation, the production of CH₄ and CO₂ were studied from both bulk samples and the particle size fractions (PSF) of topsoil from a paddy under a long-term different fertilization trial (including non (NF), chemical without (CF) and with manure (CFM) fertilization, respectively) in the Tai Lake Region, China. Four PSFs (2000–200, 200–20, 20–2, <2 μm) were separated from undisturbed samples collected after rice harvest by a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Both the bulk samples and PSFs were incubated under submerged condition for 72 days. The concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ evolved during incubation were determined by gas chromatography. C mineralization rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg C g⁻¹ C day⁻¹, with different fertilizations and size of the PSFs, and were not correlated with C/N ratio. While CO₂ production predominated over CH₄ from C mineralization from both bulk samples and the size fractions, CH₄ production played a predominant role in the total global warming potential (GWP) under all treatments. C mineralization of bulk soil was significantly higher under CF than under CFM and NF. CH₄ production, however, was 3 times as under CFM and 27 times as under NF, indicating a tremendous effect of chemical fertilization alone on the total GWP. CO₂ production from the PSFs differed from CH₄ under a single treatment, which was notably from the coarse PSFs larger than 200 μm. Higher C mineralization and CH₄ production with a higher metabolic quotient under CF implicated a vulnerability of soil functioning of GHGs mitigation in the paddy receiving chemical fertilizers only. Thus, rational organic amendments should be undertaken for mitigating the climate change.