曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

Mechanism of calcium mitigating membrane fouling in submerged membranebioreactors

Two parallel membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated under different calcium dosages (168.5, 27 mg/L) to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of retarding membrane fouling by adding calcium. The results showed that the particle size of sludge flocs increased and the particle size distribution tended to be narrow at the optimum dosage (168.5 mg/L). Calcium was effective in decreasing loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) in microbial flocs and soluble microbial products (SMP) in the supernatant at the dosage of 168.5 mg/L by strengthening the neutralization and bridging of EPS with flocs. Furthermore, the amount of COD_S and COD_C decreased in both the mixed liquor and the fouling cake layer on the membrane surface. In order to compare the filtration characteristics of cake layers from the MBRs with the two calcium dosages, the specific cake resistance and the compressibility coefficient were measured. The specific cake resistance from the MBR with optimum dosage (168.5 mg/L) was distinctly lower than that with low dosage (27 mg/L). The compressibility coefficient of the cake layers under two dosages were respectively attained as 0.65, 0.91. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three-dimensional confocal scanning laser microscope analysis (CLSM) images were utilized to observe the gel layer directly.     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process forwastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d totreat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage.Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS)was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in correspondinginfluent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet therequirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). Theremoval rates of COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradationis indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network(BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4+-N was5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The resultsindicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS. Italso suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters insubmarine.     

离子膜辅助电催化氧化法预处理焦化废水的研究

焦化废水是属有毒有害、难降解的有机废水,常规的生物处理工艺对其去除效果不甚理想,从而导致出水中难降解污染物含量较高,COD和NH3-N不能达标。论文针对焦化废水的水质特点,采用离子膜电解技术进行预处理。对焦化废水中主要污染物苯酚降解效果的几种因素进行了研究,得出了苯酚降解的最佳工艺条件并在此工艺参数下,对模拟焦化废水电解2.5h,苯酚、COD的去除率分别为84%,45%,氨氮去除率和回收率别为99.5%和96.5%,总能耗27kwh/m3,可以为后续生化处理大大减轻负担,采用该方法作为焦化废水的预处理手段比较经济合理。     

低温时污泥膨胀对MBR中膜污染的影响

通过一体式膜生物反应装置考察了在低温条件下发生污泥膨胀过程中反应器的运行效果和膜污染的情况,并从微生物角度分析了引起膜污染的因素.结果表明,低温时COD上清液和出水平均去除率分别为85%和92%,发生丝状菌污泥膨胀后去除率变化不大.MBR中丝状菌污泥膨胀形成的过程中,污泥沉降性变差,丝状菌丰度（FI）由2增加到5,丝状菌伸出絮体形成网状结构.低温时膜操作压力随时间呈直线变化,膜组件的水力清洗周期为15 d.在丝状菌大量繁殖时缩短到7 d,膜污染严重.通过测定活性污泥的特性,发现膨胀污泥的胞外聚合物（EPS）总量是正常污泥的3倍,污泥絮体相对疏水性（RH）随FI的提高而增大.EPS和RH增大后会引起更多物质沉积到膜表面,使膜污染速率提高,膜的运行周期变短.进一步的分析表明,混合液粘度、Zeta电位、污泥絮体形态也是影响膜污染的因素.     

膜生物反应器亚硝化性能的影响因素研究

利用膜生物反应器成功启动了亚硝化工艺处理人工合成废水.为了确定影响亚硝化工艺效果的因素,先后对温度和溶解氧浓度进行了研究,结果表明,在温度35℃并且NH4+-N负荷平均0.45 kg.(m3.d)-1和溶解氧0.5 mg/L的条件下,可使出水中NO3--N的浓度低于20 mg.L-1,而ρ(NO2--N)∶ρ(NH4+-N)接近1.0.同时发现反应器运行期间,在低溶解氧的情况下,膜组件的污染并不严重.荧光原位杂交分析发现,在膜生物反应器中氨氧化菌成为优势菌种,亚硝酸盐氧化菌的活性受到了抑制.微生物群落分析则进一步提供了实现亚硝化工艺所必需的生物信息.     

利用玉米浸泡液产电的微生物燃料电池研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液（玉米浸泡液）作为接种液和基质,利用“三合一”膜电极的单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池进行试验,采用在线监测电压和废水分析方法对产电功率和化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮进行测定,探讨高COD、高氨氮有机废水产电及废水处理的可行性.结果表明,经过94 d（1个周期）的连续运行（固定外电阻为1 000 Ω）,17 d时输出电压达到最大（525.0 mV）,稳定期最大输出功率可达169.6 mW/m²,此时电池相应的电流密度为440.2 mA/m²,内阻约为350 Ω,开路电压619.5 mV;但燃料电池电子利用效率较低（库仑效率为1.6%）;1个周期结束时浸泡液的COD去除率达到51.6%,氨氮去除率25.8%.本试验利用玉米浸泡液成功获得电能,同时对浸泡液有效地进行了处理,为其资源化利用提供新途径.     

泥水预分离MBR膜污染缓减效能研究

通过长期运行实验,进行了泥水预分离膜生物反应器（sludge/water pre-separation membrane bioreactor, S/W-MBR）与传统淹没式膜生物反应器（submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR）对比研究,考察了污泥浓度、胞外聚合物含量（extracellular polymeric substances, EPS）及过膜阻力（trans-membrane pressure, TMP）随运行时间的变化规律及其对膜污染的缓减作用.结果表明,S/W-MBR与SMBR生物区的污泥浓度基本一致,而S/W-MBR膜区的污泥浓度较SMBR有显著降低.两者生物区的EPS含量均随运行时间的延长而增加,而S/W-MBR膜区的单位质量污泥的EPS含量始终保持在15 mg/g左右的较低水平.S/W-MBR比SMBR具有更好的缓减膜污染能力,在近90d的连续运行过程中,前者的膜组件仅需清洗2次,后者的膜组件清洗了5次.     

浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器处理啤酒废水试验

研究了新型浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器(SDRAnMBR)处理模拟啤酒废水的运行性能.研究结果表明,SDRAnMBR对啤酒废水有较好的处理效果,处理过程负荷提高快,有机物去除率高,系统耐冲击负荷的能力强,而且运行非常稳定.正常运行期间,进水COD在2900～5200mg·L-1,容积负荷为4.97～12.48kg·m-·3d-1(以COD计)时,COD的平均去除率为95.15%.膜截留和三相旋转流的共同作用,加强了在高污泥浓度(MLSS)和高负荷条件下运行时的混合和传质,从而强化了SDRAnMBR在高MLSS和高容积负荷下运行的稳定性和出水水质.     

The fetal cerebellum. Pitfalls in diagnosis and management

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital and acquired cerebellar disorders is possible by the use of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although numerous studies have been conducted in this field, diagnostic uncertainties are still common in daily clinical practice. This review outlines five possible pitfalls in the diagnosis of fetal cerebellar disorders: confusion between different entities describing vermian pathologies (Dandy–Walker variant, vermian hypoplasia and vermian agenesis); premature diagnosis of abnormal vermian formation; difficulties in the ultrasonographic differentiation between the cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis; late development of cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy and differential diagnosis of unilateral cerebellar findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.