氯酸钠对废水COD测定的干扰研究

氯酸钠是污水处理厂处理污水时常用的一种氧化剂,会对COD的测定产生负干扰。有的污水处理厂对含过量氯酸钠的污水未进行处理而直接外排;也有的污水处理厂为逃避环保部门的监管,在外排口投入过量氯酸钠,干扰COD测定,人为降低污水COD测定值。因而,研究氯酸钠对废水COD测定的干扰具有重要的现实意义。通过对标准样品和实际样品进行检测,发现氯酸钠对COD测定的干扰程度(真实值与测定值的差值)随着氯酸钠浓度的增加而增大。当氯酸钠浓度在100~1 000 mg/L范围内时,干扰值的大小与氯酸钠浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05,r=0.997 4),且相同浓度氯酸钠对不同浓度COD测定产生的干扰无显著性差异。从追踪反应过程中不同形式氯元素含量的角度,进一步探究了氯酸钠对COD测定的干扰机理,发现氯酸钠对COD测定的干扰来自两个反应过程,分别是氯酸钠在消解过程中与还原性物质的反应、未完全反应的氯酸钠在滴定过程中与硫酸亚铁铵的反应,并且两个反应过程都会对COD的测定产生负干扰。根据干扰机理,研究建立了干扰校正方法,即校准曲线法。此方法具有较好的精密度和正确度,可以满足实际废水样品的测定要求。     

BOD快速测定方法研究进展

综述BOD快速测定方法,快速测定方法包括高温法、相关系数法和生物传感器法。重点论述生物传感器法,讨论生物传感器的工作原理、微生物膜所使用的微生物、传感器的响应方式、影响生物传感器法的因素、该法测试样品所需的时间以及生物传感器法所存在的问题。最后对BOD快速测定方法进行了展望。     

Analytical application of solid contact ion-selective electrodes for determination of copper and nitrate in various food products and drinking water

A simple, fast and cheap method for monitoring copper and nitrate in drinking water and food products using newly developed solid contact ion-selective electrodes is proposed. Determination of copper and nitrate was performed by application of multiple standard additions technique. The reliability of the obtained results was assessed by comparing them using the anodic stripping voltammetry or spectrophotometry for the same samples. In each case, satisfactory agreement of the results was obtained, which confirms the analytical usefulness of the constructed electrodes.     

总铬自动在线检测仪测定水样中总铬含量

采用总铬自动在线检测仪测定水样中的总铬含量。测定5 m L水样的最佳实验条件为:过硫酸钾质量浓度为2.0 g/L的过硫酸钾溶液加入量1.0 m L,浓度为0.01 mol/L的硫酸加入量1.0 m L,二苯碳酰二肼质量浓度为2 g/L的显色剂加入量1.0 m L。该方法的检测范围为0.01~2.50 mg/L,检出限为0.01 mg/L。方法的加标回收率为97.5%~103.8%,相对标准偏差为1.17%~1.27%。     

Specificity of communication channels in four limacodid moths: Darna bradleyi, Darna trima, Setothosea asigna, and Setora nitens (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)

Summary. Darna bradleyi Holloway, D. trima Moore, Setothosea asigna van Eecke and Setora nitens Walker are sympatric and coseasonal limacodid moths in plantations of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Palmae), in Borneo, southeast Asia. We tested the hypothesis that these four species maintain reproductive isolation through specificity in diel periods of communication, microlocation for communication and/or communication signal (pheromone). Studying diel periodicity of calling behavior by female moths and response by male moths to traps baited with virgin females or synthetic pheromone, we determined that sexual communication of D. bradleyi and D. trima took place from ˜17:30 to 18:45 hr and that of S. asigna and S. nitens from ˜18:45 to 20:00 hr and from ˜18:30 to 19:30 hr, respectively. Over 80% of male S. asigna and S. nitens were captured in pheromone-baited traps suspended >5 m high, whereas male D. bradleyi and D. trima were captured mostly in traps <5 m high. Synthetic pheromone baits attracted male moths in a species-specific manner. Moreover, baits containing both S. asigna and S. nitens pheromones failed to attract any male moths, indicating that female S. asigna and S. nitens, with overlapping communication periods, use bifunctional pheromone components that attract conspecific males while repelling heterospecifics. Similarly, addition of D. bradleyi pheromone to S. asigna or S. nitens pheromone reduced attraction of male S. asigna and S. nitens. The failure of D. bradleyi and D. trima, which overlap in time and microlocation for communication, to evolve bifunctional pheromones may be attributed to the recent occurrence of sympatry between D. bradleyi and D. trima in Borneo, apparently too recent for bifunctional pheromones to have evolved. We conclude that D. bradleyi, D. trima, S. asigna and S. nitens utilize any or all of diel periodicity, intra and interspecific effects of communication signal and/or microlocation for signaling, allowing these limacodids to co-inhabit the same habitat and remain reproductively isolated. Received 5 May 2000; accepted 18 August 2000     

Simultaneous Determination of O- and P- Nitrophenol by First Derivative Spectrophotometry

A simple method by first derivative spectrophotometry is proposed for the simultaneous determination of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. The analytes were separated from samples by liquid-liquid extraction (pH = 7.4) as tetrabutylammonium ion pairs into the 1,2-dichloroethane organic phase and subsequently the extracts were evaluated directly by derivative spectrophotometry. Simultaneous determination of both analytes could be carried out using the zero-crossing and the graphical methods for o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol, respectively. The determination ranges were found to be between 0.115 to 3.00 ppm and 0.130 to 3.00 ppm for o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol, respectively. The relative standard deviations were in all instances less than 2.0%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of these compounds in fruit juices.     

双波长分光光度法同时测定叶绿素a、b

介绍了同时测定叶绿素ａ、ｂ 的双波长分光光度法。该法不进行预分离,直接测定,操作简便,结果与先分离、再以强氧化剂消解后分别测定镁离子浓度进而推算叶绿素ａ、ｂ 浓度的原子吸收法有一定可比性,本法具有进一步推广应用的价值。     

Birth sex ratios in toque macaques and other mammals: integrating the effects of maternal condition and competition

Mammalian life histories suggest that maternal body condition and social dominance (a measure of resource-holding potential) influence the physical and social development of offspring, and thereby their reproductive success. Predictably, a mother should produce that sex of offspring which contributes most to her fitness (as measured by the number of her grandchildren) and that she is best able to raise within the constraints imposed by her condition, social rank, and environment. Such combined effects were investigated by monitoring variations in body condition (weight) and behavior of female toque macaques, Macaca sinica of Sri Lanka, in a changing forest environment over 18 years. Maternal rank, by itself, had no influence on offspring sex, but did affect maternal body condition. The combined effects of rank and condition indicated the following: mothers in robust condition bore more sons, whereas those in moderate condition bore more daughters, but both effects were expressed most strongly among mothers of high rank. Where the consequences of low rank were felt most acutely, as shown by poor condition, mothers underproduced daughters. Environmental quality directly influenced rank and condition interactions, and thus sex ratios. These relationships, and data from other mammals suggest an empirically and theoretically consistent pattern of sex allocation in mammals. New predictions integrate effects, proposed by Trivers and Willard, that are rooted in male mate competition, which is universal among polygynous mammals, with those of local resource competition (and/or female reproductive competition), which are not universal and differ in intensity between the socioecologies and local environments of different species. Received: 30 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 August 1998     

The independent origin of a queen number bottleneck that promotes cooperation in the African swarm-founding wasp, Polybioides tabidus

When cooperation is based on shared genetic interests, as in most social insect colonies, mechanisms which increase the genetic similarity of group members may help to maintain sociality. Such mechanisms can be especially important in colonies with many queens because within-colony relatedness drops quickly as queen number increases. Using microsatellite markers, we examined the Old World, multiple-queen, swarm-founding wasp Polybioides tabidus which belongs to the ropalidiine tribe, and found that relatedness among the workers was four times higher than what would be expected based on queen number alone. Relatedness was elevated by a pattern of queen production known as cyclical oligogyny, under which, queen number varies, and daughter queens are produced only after the number of old queens has reduced to one or a very few. As a result, the queens are highly related, often as full sisters, elevating relatedness among their progeny, the workers. This pattern of queen production is driven by collective worker control of the sex ratios. Workers are three times more highly related to females than to males in colonies with a single queen while they are more equally related to males and females in colonies with more queens. As a result of this difference, workers will prefer to produce new queens in colonies with a single queen and males in colonies with many queens. Cyclical oligogyny has also evolved independently in another group of swarm-founding wasps, the Neotropical epiponine wasps, suggesting that collective worker control of sex ratios is widespread in polistine wasps. Received: 22 May 2000 / Revised: 24 August 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

河口区域反硝化作用研究进展

反硝化作用是河口区域去除NO-3的重要途径.其产物之一N2O是一种温室效应很强的温室气体.本文综述了河口区域反硝化作用在N元素生物地球化学循环过程中的重要作用,概述了不同测定反硝化速率的方法,并提出了各种方法的优缺点.总结了反硝化作用的影响因素:O2浓度,NO3-,有机质,温度,生物等.在这些因素的影响下,反硝化存在着区域性,季节性以及昼夜性差异.最后,提出了目前研究中存在的不足及发展方向.