SIL determination: Recognising and handling high demand mode scenarios

The International Standards for Functional Safety (IEC 61508 and IEC 61511) are well recognised and have been adopted globally in many of the industrialised countries during the past 10 years or so. Conformance with these standards involves determination of the requirements for instrumented risk reduction measures, described in terms of a safety integrity level (SIL). During this period within the process sector, layer of protection analysis (LOPA) has become the most widely used approach for SIL determination. Experience has identified that there is a type of hazardous event scenario that occurs within the process sector that is not well recognised by practitioners, and is therefore not adequately handled by the standard LOPA approach. This is when the particular scenario places a high demand rate on the required safety instrumented function. This paper will describe how to recognise a high demand rate scenario. It will discuss what the standards have to say about high demand rates. It will then demonstrate how to assess this type of situation and provide a case study example to illustrate how to determine the necessary integrity level. It will conclude by explaining why it is important to treat high demand rate situations in this way and the resulting benefit of a lower but sufficient required integrity level.     

离子选择电极法测定水中40K的影响因素

对离子选择电极法测定水中^40K的影响因素进行了探讨,确定了用此方法测定水溶液中^40K的最佳实验条件,在此实验条件下,所得结果最接近标准值。     

Pericardial teratoma complicated by hydrops: successful fetal therapy by thoracoamniotic shunting

Pericardial teratoma is a potentially curable lesion that may become life threatening when it induces mediastinal compression and fetal hydrops. So far, cases with fetal hydrops have been managed by elective delivery or pericardial needle decompression. We report a case in which pericardial teratoma resulted in fetal hydrops. Following transpleural needling of the fetal pericardium at 29 weeks and 6 days, pericardial effusion decreased but hydrops persisted, while major unilateral pleural effusion appeared. A thoracoamniotic shunt was placed at 30 weeks and 5 days. Hydrops resolved, although incompletely. The baby was delivered at 32 weeks and was operated upon on day 3. This observation suggests that fetal hydrops associated with pericardial teratoma may improve following thoracoamniotic shunting. Fetal therapy may limit the risks of respiratory distress arising from the combined effect of airways compression and lung immaturity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物类水质在线自动分析仪的标定

国产蓝星LXWA-0型BOD/COD/TOC水质在线自动分析仪在我站安装运行后,该公司未提供标定方法,无法知道该仪器的灵敏度.本文通过对该分析仪的方法原理、反应机理和特点进行系统分析,提出一个完善的生物类在线自动分析仪的标定方法,解决了这一问题.结果表明,地表水自动监测站大部分的监测断面设置在水域较广的江河湖泊中,地表水水质变化不大,这正好发挥了RACOD仪的优点.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤金属元素的质量控制

为使石墨炉原子吸收法测金属元素准确可靠，对各测定程序和环节采取了消除干扰、测平行双样、测加标回收率、对照分析等措施。测定数据经统计分析，加标回收率在87．3％～115．2％范围内，平行双样相对偏差在12．3％以下，标准土样重复测定变异系数除镉（Cd）外均在5．9％以下，达到了分析测定的要求。     

催化动力学光度法测定环境中痕量钒的研究

基于Ｖ（ｖ）在ＫＨＰ－ＫＣｌ缓冲溶液中，邻苯二酚活化剂存在下，对溴酸钾氧化邻苯二胺的催化作用、建立了一个测定环境样品中痕量钒的催化动力学光度法。检出限为０．０２ｎｇ／ｍｌＶ，线性范围是０．４－１４ｎｇ／ｍｌＶ，该法用于煤，降尘，人发和尿中钒的测定，结果满意。     

Planning STI/HIV prevention among refugees and mobile populations: situation assessment of Sudanese refugees

This article reflects an investigation of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours and HIV/STI prevalence of Sudanese refugees and Ethiopian sex workers in 1992. It represents one of the earliest such investigations within an African refugee population. The investigation took place in the Dimma refugee settlement in south-western Ethiopia and study participants included Sudanese refugee men and women and Ethiopian female sex workers. Methods used for this investigation included focus group discussions, behavioural surveys and serologic testing. The main outcome measures of the investigation were HIV/STI knowledge, attitudes and behaviours and biological markers for HIV, syphilis and herpes simplex 2. The study findings indicate that in the early 1990s, knowledge about AIDS and condom use was low among Sudanese refugee women and not one reported having ever used a condom. Furthermore, sexual contact between refugee men and sex workers was frequent during the time of this study and the prevalence of HIV and other STIs was high. The results confirm a widely held assumption that highly mobile and transient populations in Africa are susceptible to STIs and HIV, in large part due to their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours.     

Quantifying natural resource injuries and ecological service reductions: challenges and opportunities

The natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) are complex and have been difficult to implement. The complexity and difficulty in implementation arise both from the assessment procedures specified in agency NRDA guidance and from the limited ability of ecologists to quantify impacts of hazardous substances on natural resources. This paper explores the scientific aspects of NRDA implementation, and discusses conceptual and methodological relationships between NRDA and the much broader field of ecological risk assessment (ERA). We discuss three critical components of the NRDA assessment approach: measuring natural resource injuries and reductions in resource services; evaluating causality; and establishing baseline conditions. We identify (1) specific approaches drawn from ERA practice that could improve each of these components, and (2) research needs and institutional changes that may improve the ability of the NRDA process to achieve its stated objectives. We recommend the acceleration of the ongoing dialogue among NRDA practitioners from the Trustee and PRP communities as a first step toward resolving the procedural and technical deficiencies of the NRDA process.     

钱家营矿主要通风机性能测定实践研究

结合前人的经验 ,根据钱家营矿的实际情况 ,科学制定了主要通风机性能测定方案 ,尤其对西风井的特殊情况进行了大胆实践 ,以周密的安全措施为保障 ,在安全、可靠的前提下 ,采用了独特的测试手段 ,获得了满意的测定结果 ,丰富了主要通风机性能测定的内容和方法     

正辛醇/水分配系数的测定及估算方法

介绍了正辛醇/水分配系数的测定和估算方法。将现有的测定方法分成直接法和间接测定法进行了介绍和评价。直接法主要介绍了摇瓶法、两相滴定法和萃取法;间接法主要介绍了产生柱法和色谱法。给出了不同测定方法的使用范围及其局限性。在估算方法介绍中,将现有的辛醇/水分配系数的估算方法按其对溶质的处理方法不同分为两大类进行了介绍,一类是以整个分子为研究对象的分子法,如摩尔体积法;另一类是根据分子的结构信息进行估算的结构性能法,如分子连接性指数法,基因贡献法。介绍了现有基团贡献法如Leo碎片常数法、Meylan和Howard的AFC基因贡献法、三水平基团贡献法、基团贡献溶剂化模型法、UNIFAC基团贡献法的优缺点及其使用局限性。提出了估算方法的发展方向。