环境介质中硒的检测方法研究进展

结合国内外的研究进展,综述了环境介质中硒的各种检测方法。其中重点介绍了比较常用的测定方法,如原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)等,并展望了硒在检测方法上的发展趋势。     

对4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法测定水中挥发性酚类方法的探讨

对标准方法进行了改进,并对方法的线性和精密度、准确度进行了讨论。试验结果表明,该法具有节约水电、节省时间、降低试剂消耗等优点。     

城市应急物流需求区域确定及等级划分方法

为提高应对突发事件的物资保障能力,提出基于联合国救灾署(UNDRO)灾害风险评估模型的应急物流需求区域风险预评估流程。采用应急物流需求总量,分类别、分事件需求量,需求密度,需求比例等指标进行物流需求测度,研究突发事件发生概率与需求扰动水平、需求密度、需求的自我供给水平相结合的3种需求区域等级划分方法。实例研究表明:区域4、3、1作为城市商业中心,人口密度高及消防隐患多,应急物流需求等级高于其他区域;城市外围区域9,由于工业基础较好,抗风险能力及自我修复能力高,需求等级低。作为城市的有机组成部分,各区域地质灾害事故的发生概率相差不大,城市管理者应关注火灾事故及安全生产事故对应急物流需求的重大影响。     

Evaluating mortality rates with a novel integrated framework for nonmonogamous species

The conservation of wildlife requires management based on quantitative evidence, and especially for large carnivores, unraveling cause‐specific mortalities and understanding their impact on population dynamics is crucial. Acquiring this knowledge is challenging because it is difficult to obtain robust long‐term data sets on endangered populations and, usually, data are collected through diverse sampling strategies. Integrated population models (IPMs) offer a way to integrate data generated through different processes. However, IPMs are female‐based models that cannot account for mate availability, and this feature limits their applicability to monogamous species only. We extended classical IPMs to a two‐sex framework that allows investigation of population dynamics and quantification of cause‐specific mortality rates in nonmonogamous species. We illustrated our approach by simultaneously modeling different types of data from a reintroduced, unhunted brown bear (Ursus arctos) population living in an area with a dense human population. In a population mainly driven by adult survival, we estimated that on average 11% of cubs and 61% of adults died from human‐related causes. Although the population is currently not at risk, adult survival and thus population dynamics are driven by anthropogenic mortality. Given the recent increase of human‐bear conflicts in the area, removal of individuals for management purposes and through poaching may increase, reversing the positive population growth rate. Our approach can be generalized to other species affected by cause‐specific mortality and will be useful to inform conservation decisions for other nonmonogamous species, such as most large carnivores, for which data are scarce and diverse and thus data integration is highly desirable.     

短时高温暴露对Q型烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

为探明卵期受短时高温暴露对Q型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype)存活、繁殖和后代适合度的影响,以适温(26℃)处理为对照,研究Q型烟粉虱卵在不同高温(37、39、41℃)条件下分别暴露1 h、2 h和4 h后转至适温饲养,其F0代的存活率、羽化率、雌成虫比例、寿命和产卵量及F1代的发育历期和雌成虫比例.结果表明:1)随着暴露温度升高和暴露时间延长,F0代Q型烟粉虱由卵发育至成虫的存活率和蛹羽化率均显著降低,41℃暴露2 h后的存活率和蛹羽化率最低,分别为49.1%和76.2%,显著低于未经高温暴露的对照(分别为83.4%和96.6%);2)卵期于41℃暴露1 h后其F0代雌成虫比例(61.0%)显著高于对照(52.0%),其他各处理与对照差异不显著;3)卵期高温暴露对F0代雌成虫寿命无显著影响,但单雌产卵量均显著低于对照(117.9粒),并随暴露温度升高呈降低趋势;4)F0代卵期在39℃暴露2 h、4 h和41℃暴露1~4 h后,F1代卵到成虫历期均较对照显著延长;5)与对照相比,F0代卵期分别在37℃暴露1~4 h、39℃暴露1~2 h或41℃暴露4 h,还可显著提高F1代雌成虫比例.可见,短时高温暴露可降低Q型烟粉虱的发育适合度,导致F0代存活率降低、产卵量下降和F1代发育历期延长,但一定程度上提高F1代雌成虫比例,从而对种群发展产生一定的代偿作用.表5参20     

Study of boron behaviour in two Spanish coal combustion power plants

A full-scale field study was carried out at two Spanish coal-fired power plants equipped with electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and wet flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) systems to investigate the distribution of boron in coals, solid by-products, wastewater streams and flue gases. The results were obtained from the simultaneous sampling of solid, liquid and gaseous streams and their subsequent analysis in two different laboratories for purposes of comparison. Although the final aim of this study was to evaluate the partitioning of boron in a (co-)combustion power plant, special attention was paid to the analytical procedure for boron determination. A sample preparation procedure was optimised for coal and combustion by-products to overcome some specific shortcomings of the currently used acid digestion methods. In addition boron mass balances and removal efficiencies in ESP and FGD devices were calculated. Mass balance closures between 83 and 149% were obtained. During coal combustion, 95% of the incoming boron was collected in the fly ashes. The use of petroleum coke as co-combustible produced a decrease in the removal efficiency of the ESP (87%). Nevertheless, more than 90% of the remaining gaseous boron was eliminated via the FGD in the wastewater discharged from the scrubber, thereby causing environmental problems.     

生化需氧量质控样品的测定方法研究

生化需氧量是在规定条件下,微生物分解存在水中的某些可氧化物质,特别是有机物所进行的生物化学过程中消耗溶解氧的量。生化需氧量质控样品的测定是检验一个化验员合格与否的重要依据,对于验证环境监测结果的准确性、精密性起着关键作用。而质控样品的测定与日常污水样品的测定是两个不同的概念,为了使初学者对质控样品的测定有一个直观的了解,详细叙述了质控样品的测定全过程。通过大量实验数据的采集,从实际出发证明该方法可靠有效。     

浅谈室内空气污染物的检测及其影响因素

结合自身工作经验,介绍了室内空气污染物采样点的布设、采样点数的确定、采样分析方法及注意事项,探讨了室内空气污染物检测过程中对检测结果的影响因素。     

二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定饮用水中的铬(六价)

根据GB/T5750.6-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标》10.1中的二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法的规定,对二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定水中铬(六价)的实验条件进行了优化。优化后铬(六价)分析方法的相对标准偏差为3.12%,精密度和回收率满足国标的要求。     

碳纳米管修饰电极对苯二酚3种异构体的研究

文章应用循环伏安法(CV)研究了邻苯二酚(CC)、对苯二酚(HQ)和间苯二酚(RS)在多壁碳纳米管修饰的玻碳电极(MWNTs/GCE)表面的电催化氧化行为,同时对pH、扫描速度、温度等试验条件的影响也进行了研究。结果表明:MWNTs/GCE电极对CC、HQ和RS均表现出较好的电催化和电分离作用;在高浓度HQ和RS存在条件下,CC的氧化峰电流在0.05～7.00mmol/L范围内与浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R²=0.9989;修饰电极实现了对实际废水中苯二酚三种异构体的同时测定。