成都市污染边界层高度的演变特征分析

基于2014年1月21日至2月5日成都市人民南路四段逐时PM_(2.5)质量浓度、大气能见度资料以及同期Mie散射激光雷达探测数据,遵循消光系数与细颗粒物质量浓度之间的关系,探讨污染边界层高度的演变特征。结果表明:污染时段内的污染边界层高度偏低,平均为221m;污染边界层高度与地面PM_(2.5)浓度的变化具有明显相关性,但污染边界层高度改变在前,地面PM_(2.5)浓度响应在后;污染边界层高度的日变化表现为单峰单谷型,峰值和谷值分别出现在08:00时和14:00时前后。     

Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa

This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6 ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825 ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2 ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6 ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04 ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92 ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54 ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11 ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value < 0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.     

基于质谱技术的在线大气颗粒物来源与污染过程解析研究——以江苏省淮安市为例

通过大气细颗粒物实时在线源解析技术(质谱直接测量法)采集录入淮安市市区部分特征污染源排放成分谱,对淮安市大气细颗粒物进行在线源解析,获取高时间分辨的颗粒物源解析结果,分析颗粒物来源、季度变化和重污染天气的污染过程,评估形成重污染过程的污染影响因子和影响程度,为区域大气污染综合整治提供重要目标指向,同时也为淮安环境空气PM2.5重度污染实时预警与监控、大气污染源减排方案评估、污染事件监控等提供有效的在线监测技术平台.     

聚合氯化铁-聚(环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺)复合絮凝剂在模拟水处理中的混凝特性研究

制备出一系列具有不同聚合氯化铁(PFC)的碱化度(B)、不同聚(环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺)[P(EPI-DMA)]质量分数[ω(E)]和黏度(η)的PFC-P(EPI-DMA)复合混凝剂,并将其用于模拟染料废水和模拟天然地表水的絮凝脱色处理,对比探讨了ω(E)、η和B对PFC-P(EPI-DMA)中铁的形态分布及其混凝效果的影响,以及混凝作用机制.结果表明,复合絮凝剂中铁的有效形态含量随ω(E)的增大而不断降低;η=850 mPa.s时,复合混凝剂中铁的有效形态含量最高;随B值的增大,Feb含量先增大后减少,而Fec含量逐渐增大.一定程度上使用预水解程度较低、有机成分黏度较大的PFC-P(EPI-DMA)有利于混凝效果的提高,复合混凝剂中有机成分质量分数对混凝效果的影响则与处理对象有关.在模拟水处理中,复合混凝剂依靠电性中和及架桥吸附能力发挥混凝特性.     

单光子/光电子在线质谱实时分析聚氯乙烯热分解/燃烧产物

实验室研制了低能光电子磁场增强电离(MEPEI)和单光子电离(SPI)复合电离源,该电离源具有电离化合物范围宽、碎片离子少、质谱图简单等优点,结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)实现了聚氯乙烯(PVC)热分解/燃烧产物的在线分析.针对不同的目标化合物,MEPEI/SPI复合电离源通过调节电离区电场强度,可以快速在SPI和SPI-MEPEI之间切换.PVC热分解/燃烧产物中电离能大于光子能量(10.60 eV)的HCl和CO2(12.74 eV、13.77 eV)利用MEPEI模式电离;而烯烃、二氯乙烯、苯系物、氯苯、苯乙烯、茚满及萘系物等可通过SPI-MEPEI复合模式电离.通过实时监测PVC主要燃烧产物的信号强度随温度的变化趋势可推断出,PVC燃烧产物主要是通过两种机制生成:①250～370℃时,PVC发生脱氯及分子内环化反应,产生大量的HCl、苯和萘;②380～510℃时,PVC发生分子间交联反应,生成烷基芳烃,如甲苯和二甲苯/乙苯等.实验结果表明,SPI/SPI-MEPEI复合离子源TOF-MS分析速度快,应用范围广,在在线分析中具有广泛的应用前景.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

基于单颗粒质谱信息气溶胶分类方法的研究进展

气溶胶质谱仪在对气溶胶颗粒的监测过程中会产生大量单颗粒的化学成分和粒径信息,基于这些质谱数据能够推测颗粒的来源。而对气溶胶来源的分析,很大程度上是由颗粒的种类决定的,故对海量数据的分类就成为不可忽略的步骤。针对气溶胶质谱仪采集到的数据,概述了用于气溶胶分类的多种方法的理论核心、分类步骤及各自的优缺点等。据此可为今后气溶胶分类方法的研究提供建设性意见。     

北京市区春夏PM2.5和PM10浓度变化特征研究

通过对北京市2012年3月～6月PM2.5和PM10实时数据的整理和分析,结果表明,北京市区大气中细颗粒物PM2.5和可吸入颗粒物PM10浓度日变化趋势基本相同,PM2.5和PM10存在显著或极显著的正相关关系;3月～6月,PM2.5浓度随季节变化逐渐升高,PM10的浓度随季节变化先升高后减小;3月～6月PM2.5与PM10日平均浓度分别为62.77μg/m3和133.88μg/m3,分别为国家二级标准的83.69%和89.25%。     

气象条件对上甸子地区气溶胶散射特征的影响

利用北京地区上甸子站气溶胶散射系数、PM2.5质量浓度和气象要素1 a的观测资料,研究不同天气条件下上甸子地区散射系数的变化特征,并讨论了气象条件对散射系数的影响.结果表明,散射系数在雾霾天最高608.4 Mm-1,其次为雾天500.6 Mm-1和霾天423.7 Mm-1,是一般天气散射系数的6.4～9.2倍.在各类天...     

油指纹快速分析辅助鉴别及油品信息可视化管理系统

针对海上溢油事故排查鉴别的需求,开发了一套油指纹数据管理和鉴别软件系统,系统包括综合信息数据库和数据分析鉴别两大组成部分。开发的数据库用来存储基础地理信息、油样空间信息、油样基本信息、油样二维谱图数据、油样特征指纹数据等。指纹分析鉴别模块实现了油样谱图的准确积分、特征指纹指标计算、油样比对鉴别、油样分类鉴别、油样检索排查等功能。系统开发完成后,在黄渤海多次溢油事故中得到了很好的应用,具有高效性和可靠性,极大提高了溢油事故排查工作的效率,为海上溢油事故执法调查提供了重要的技术支撑。