Dissipation of fluvalinate and characterisation of its degradation products on chickpea crop by mass spectroscopy

Fluvalinate was applied on chickpea crop at (i) 0.056, (ii) 0.112 and (iii) 0.56 kg a.i. ha^‐1 to evaluate its rate of dissipation. Two major degradation products of fluvalinate formed on the crop were identified and characterised as phenoxybenzoic acid and 2‐[2‐chloro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)anilino]‐3‐methylbutanoic acid. They were estimated in day‐5 and day‐10 samples of chickpea crop as their methyl esters by gas liquid chromatography.     

考虑岩体各向异性强度的隧洞围岩稳定性分析

岩体中普遍存在着大量的节理裂隙等不连续面,这些不连续面对岩体的强度有着重要的影响。以具有较密集成组节理的岩体为研究对象,以Drucker-Prager准则和裂隙应力张开准则为基础,分别考虑岩块和节理面各自的物理力学性质,研究岩体在各向异性强度准则下的理论方法,并建立了岩体各向异性本构模型,用以描述节理岩体在强度方面的各向异性及其破坏特征。将该模型用于隧洞围岩稳定性分析工程中,研究表明,该模型可以较好地解释节理岩体围岩的破坏特征,与工程实践相符。研究成果对我国地下石油、核废料储存以及深埋地下工程的设计与施工具有重要的指导意义。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定土壤中11种全氟化合物

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法（UPLC-ESI-MS/MS）,建立了分析土壤中11种全氟化合物（PFCs）的方法.以甲醇作为萃取剂,样品经加速溶剂萃取仪（ASE）萃取,固相萃取净化后,使用UPLC-ESI-MS/MS联用仪分析样品中11种PFCs.在6 min内就可快速稳定地将所选取的11种全氟化合物分离,且最低检测浓度为0.518—3.520 pg.g-1之间,这些化合物在土壤中的平均添加回收率在71.2%—119.2%之间.应用此方法测得宜兴市水稻土样品中所选取的PFCs含量为0.006—0.780 ng.g-1之间.     

基于液相色谱法分析水环境中大环内酯类抗生素污染的研究进展

大环内酯抗生素广泛使用,在水环境中的残留越来越引起世界关注.本文综述了国内外基于液相色谱技术分析水环境中大环内酯的方法,比较不同预处理法以及分析方法的灵敏度和检出限.固相萃取法可以同时富集和净化,消耗试剂少,方便,野外操作可行,是理想的预处理技术.液相色谱串联质谱技术选择性好、特异性高、灵敏度高,可以检测浓度低于ng.L-1的目标物,是一种可靠理想的分析方法.最后对大环内酯分析研究进行了展望.     

Characterization of submicron aerosols in the urban outflow of the central Pearl River Delta region of China

Submicron aerosol particles (with aerodynamic diameters less than 1 μm, PM₁) were sampled and measured in Heshan, an urban outflow site of Guangzhou megacity in Pearl River Delta in South China, using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) in November 2010 during 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. The mean PM₁ mass concentration measured was 47.9±17.0 μg·m^-3 during the campaign, with organic aerosol (OA) and sulfate being the two dominant species, accounting for 36.3% and 20.9% of the total mass, respectively, followed by black carbon (17.1%, measured by an aethalometer), nitrate (12.9%), ammonium (9.6%) and chloride (3.1%). The average size distributions of the species (except black carbon) were dominated by an accumulation mode peaking at ~550 nm. Calculations based on high-resolution organic mass spectrum showed that, C, H, O and N on average contributed 58.1%, 7.3%, 30.7%, and 3.9% to the total organic mass, respectively. The average ratio of organic mass over organic carbon mass (OM/OC) was 1.73±0.08. Four components of OA were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, including a hydrocarbon-like (HOA), a biomass burning (BBOA) and two oxygenated (SV-OOA and LV-OOA) organic aerosol components, which on average accounted for 18.0%, 14.3%, 28.8% and 38.9% of the total organic mass, respectively.     

Relationship between EMR and dissipated energy of coal rock mass during cyclic loading process

Dynamic collapses of deeply mined coal rocks are severe threats to miners. In order to predict the collapses more accurately using electromagnetic radiation (EMR), this paper researched the energy conversion mechanism in the damage process of coal rock mass, analysed its EMR and dissipated energy, and a relationship between which was established using the voltage amplitude of EMR signal and hysteresis loop generated in the loading and unloading cycles as a bridge; then a series of cyclic loading experiments using coal samples of Junde and Xinlu coal mines from Heilongjiang province were carried out, and EMR signal released during these cycles were collected. Results show that during a whole damage process of a sample, the cumulative values of EMR energy and corresponding dissipated energy (hysteresis loop area) well subject to the form of y=aln(x)+b, whose correlation coefficients are above 0.90, and EMR signals received by different frequency antenna seldom impacted on this relationship; the total EMR energy released from the whole failure process of the samples obtained from adjacent sampling point in same mining area are different to some extent, so are the dissipated energy; compared with cyclic loading for coal rock mass orderly with the peak loads of 5 kN and 10 kN previously, the dissipated energy of direct using that of 15 kN increase 17.8%, and EMR signal is more abundant; EMR energy received in each cycle increase steadily with the improvement of load level, and in a single loading and unloading cycle, sometimes it is very rich in the unloading phase, even more than the loading one.     

武汉市郊区蔬菜地土壤磷素释放的主要影响因素研究

以武汉市城乡结合部蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,分析施磷水平、土壤含水率、淹水深度、淹水时间等对土壤磷素释放的影响。研究结果表明:①高水平施磷易导致磷素在土壤中的积累,当积累量超过土壤吸磷极限时,在雨水、浇灌水等的作用下磷素易进入水体;②土壤含水率对Olsen-P影响不显著;③淹水深度对土壤释磷量有着很大影响,在淹水初期,随着淹水深度提高,土壤释磷量增加;④在3 cm和6 cm淹水深度下,在0~3 d时间里,样品土壤释磷量占到整个淹水期总释磷量的80%~95%以上,随后急剧减小日趋缓和,直至达到一个相对稳定水平。     

液压支架安装运输车旋转机构动态特性分析

为进一步提高液压支架安装运输车旋转机构偏载工况下旋转调向的安全性,建立了旋转机构的数学模型,分析了齿轮接触力、旋转板与液压支架间摩擦阻力、主轴质心随旋转角的变化情况。以此为依据,改进了安装运输车旋转支撑结构,并进行了试验分析。结果表明:三种工况下,齿轮接触力始终波动,仅X向偏载时启动性能较好,Y向偏载对齿轮接触力影响较大,X、Y均偏载时齿轮运动不平衡,易出现啮合冲击;随着偏心距的增加,摩擦阻力激增明显,均值变大,液压支架和旋转板之间的相对滑动趋势越明显,X、Y向均偏载时会出现最大摩擦阻力超过最大允许的静摩擦力,旋转板和液压支架会发生瞬间滑动;随着偏心距的增大,主轴转速振动频率和幅度增大,偏载对主轴转动的稳定性具有很大影响;主轴质心在X、Y平面内的位移和Z向攒动均随着偏心距的增大而增大,且质心位置也随着偏载量的增加而变得越分散。     

鹤山大气超级站旱季单颗粒气溶胶化学特征研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱等仪器在鹤山大气超级站开展综合观测,结合ART-2a自适应共振神经网络聚类算法,将2013年11月4日~2013年12月30日期间监测到的1637330个细颗粒分成9类: EC-Fresh颗粒、EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-EC颗粒、Ca-EC颗粒、ECOC颗粒、OC-Levoglucosan颗粒、OC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒和Metal-rich颗粒.结果表明:该大气超级站所在地区旱季霾日有利于与水溶性二次无机组分混合的EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒的累积;晴朗天更有利于二次有机组分在气溶胶颗粒中生成,雨天受当地排放源的影响显著,含有较高EC-Fresh和K-EC颗粒.相关性的研究发现,EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒与能见度有良好的相关性,它们对霾的形成有至关重要的作用.     

极端暴雨条件下北江重金属非点源污染负荷估算

为掌握极端水文气象条件下北江上游地区重金属通量及非点源贡献,以2012年6月25日北江最大暴雨径流过程为研究对象,采用通量计算和基流分割理论,估算了北江上游高桥断面在极端暴雨条件下的溶解态重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd)通量及基流和非点源负荷,比较分析了暴雨径流前后不同阶段溶解态重金属的输运总量及特点. 结果表明:暴雨径流发生前、后30 d内,溶解态Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的通量分别达到24.1、91.4、14.6和3.4 t. 暴雨径流前、后的4个典型阶段中,以地表径流为主的全流域产流期(第Ⅱ阶段)污染负荷最重,Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd日均通量较洪水前(第Ⅰ阶段)分别增长了29.6、42.6、11.6和15.4倍. 深层地下水产流期(第Ⅳ阶段)Zn、Cu和Cd的输运强度较洪水前均有所下降,降幅在3.6%～33.6%之间. 基流重金属污染负荷比例仅占1.7%～9.9%,非点源污染负荷在90.1%～98.3%之间,洪峰期间(第Ⅱ阶段)非点源污染负荷所占比例在96.7%以上.