污泥膜覆盖好氧发酵堆体流场模拟及应用研究简

运用Gambit软件建立了污泥好氧发酵堆体的多孔介质模型,通过自行设计的实验装置获得了堆体的通风粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数以及功能膜压差与透气量之间的关系,用Fluent软件分析了堆体不同截面形状及底部通风管数量对堆体通风均匀性的影响,为确定合理的通风管数量及截面几何形状提供理论依据。对上海奉贤区城镇污水厂污泥处理工程发酵仓进行堆体流场模拟,确定堆体采用小拱形截面形状,堆高2 m,宽8 m,底部设置4条通风管,实际运行效果良好。     

废旧冰箱拆解聚氨酯泡沫塑料制备PU/PP复合材料

利用废旧冰箱拆解的聚氨酯泡沫塑料(PU)和聚丙烯(PP)、聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐(PP-g-MAH)为原料,采用物理化学回收技术制备PU/PP复合材料。用正交实验法分析PU填充量、PU粒径和PP-g-MAH 3个因素对PU/PP复合材料力学性能影响的显著性。结果表明,PU填充量对PU/PP复合材料拉伸性能有显著影响,对冲击性能和弯曲性能没有显著影响;在本文的实验范围内,PU粒径对PU/PP复合材料的力学性能影响不大;而PP-g-MAH投加量对PU/PP复合材料具有一定的影响。确定的优化工艺配方为:PU 40%;PU粒径选择2.00 mm;PP-g-MAH投加量10%。采用优化工艺制备的PU/PP复合材料的密度为1 042.88 kg/m3;冲击强度为2.9 kJ/m2;拉伸强度为10.30 MPa;拉伸模量为1 100 MPa;弯曲强度为18.5 MPa;弯曲模量为733 MPa。     

Optimization-Based Atmospheric Plume Source Identification

This work applies optimization and an Eulerian inversion approach presented by Bagtzoglou and Baun in 2005 in order to reconstruct contaminant plume time histories and to identify the likely source of atmospheric contamination using data from a real test site for the first time. Present-day distribution of an atmospheric contaminant plume as well as data points reflecting the plume history allow the reconstruction and provide the plume velocity, distribution, and probable source. The method was tested to a hypothetical case and with data from the Forest Atmosphere Transfer and Storage (FACTS) experiment in the Duke experimental forest site. In the scenarios presented herein, as well as in numerous cases tested for verification purposes, the model conserved mass, successfully located the peak of the plume, and managed to capture the motion of the plume well but underestimated the contaminant peak.     

环境健康价值评估中的年龄效应研究

在环境健康价值评估研究中,统计寿命价值和年龄之间的关系是理论和实证研究焦点之一,也是重要的学术问题。长久以来,环境政策效益评估中是否应该赋予老年人较低的统计寿命价值一直存在广泛争议,且尚未得到一致性结论。通过设计选择实验,对北京市空气质量改善的健康效益进行了抽样调查,并采用MNL模型对北京市约500个居民的调查数据进行回归分析,估算了不同年龄人群对健康风险减少的支付意愿,针对中国人群中统计寿命价值和年龄之间的关系进行实证探讨。结果表明:一方面,在总体样本中设置年龄虚拟变量,回归结果表明年龄变量系数的符号均显著为负,即年龄因素对减少空气污染带来的死亡风险降低的支付意愿具有显著的影响,年龄越大支付意愿相对越小;另一方面,不同年龄人群分组样本结果显示,统计寿命价值与年龄之间呈现"倒U型"关系,统计寿命价值在中国存在"老年折扣"现象。研究结果可为我国环境政策的健康效益分析中如何考虑年龄的影响提供重要依据。     

低纬高原大气电场特征及其在预警中的应用

通过对2006年7月- 2007年6月云南地闪定位网探测资料和玉溪大气电场仪资料分析,研究了高原晴天大气电场和雷暴天气过程的电场演变特征.结果表明:高原晴天大气电场具有明显的日变化和月变化特征.低纬高原地区雷暴云具有偶极性和三极性两种结构,但大多数雷暴具有偶极性电荷结构,不同电荷结构的雷暴云的放电特征不同,偶极性时主要为负地闪,地闪活动较活跃;三极性时主要是正地闪,地闪活动较少.根据雷暴云近地面电场变化特征,探讨了大气电场仪预警地闪的方法,首次提出极性变化预警法,其命中率和提前预警时间都明显优于阈值预警法.     

机械排烟作用下无机防烟卷帘防烟特性的实验研究

采用全尺寸模拟实验,通过测量机械排烟作用下无机防烟卷帘背火面壁面的平均温升、卷帘缝隙处的烟气流动等,对无机防烟卷帘在机械排烟作用下的防烟特性展开研究。结果表明:无机防烟卷帘在发生火灾时自动下降至地面,在机械排烟作用下,在20 m in的实验时间内,基本上能将烟气阻挡在模拟着火房间内,只有极少量烟气进入模拟中庭,卷帘背火面壁面温度接近环境温度;该无机防烟卷帘具有良好的挡烟耐热性能,火灾时可以保证非着火区域人员的安全疏散。本文研究可为该种新型无机防烟卷帘在复杂中庭防火设计中的应用提供实验支持。     

断裂构造对斜坡应力场影响的数值模拟及成灾机理研究

断裂构造及活动强度对斜坡体的应力场分布具有重要的影响。采用基于强度折减法的有限元法,分别以正断层和逆断层与斜坡体的组合关系为例,剖析了断裂构造对斜坡体应力场的影响及成灾机理,揭示了含有断层的斜坡体塑性区的贯通过程。研究表明,包含断层的斜坡体在应力分布特征及斜坡变形破坏机理方面与无断层的斜坡体有较大差别:含断层的斜坡体在坡面和断层面附近的最大主应力迹线与坡面或断层面相平行,在天然状态下,塑性区同时出现在坡脚和断层面后方,随着折减系数的增大,塑性区分别从坡脚和断层面后方向坡体深部和上部发展,直至断层面前后两个塑性区相贯通,坡体发生破坏,并且对坡体变形破坏的影响程度以逆断层最强,其次为正断层,断层不活动时较弱。     

漓江上游植被覆盖度时空变化对地表热场影响

自20世纪80年代以来,桂林漓江由于上游森林遭受破坏出现水生态环境快速恶化的趋势。地表热场的时空变化直接影响森林蒸散及水文效应。因此,对漓江上游1989~2006年5景TM/ETM+卫星图像,利用归一化植被指数反演植被覆盖度,利用单窗算法反演地表温度,提出归一化温度使不同时相地表热场具有可比性,分析植被覆盖度时空变化对地表热场的影响。结果表明,在空间上,地表温度随植被覆盖度的增加而降低,在植被覆盖度很高或很低时,这种影响相对变弱;在时间上,漓江上游1989~2000年植被中、高度覆盖面积从96.1%逐年下降到65.9%,导致归一化地表温度数值较高的像元比例相应增加;2000~2006年植被中、高度覆盖面积逐渐恢复上升到90.8%,但仍略低于1989年,使得归一化地表温度数值较高的像元比例相应减少。植被覆盖可以有效地降低漓江上游地表温度     

Residues and dynamics of pymetrozine in rice field ecosystem

The fate of pymetrozine was studied in rice field ecosystem, and a simple and reliable analytical method for determination of pymetrozine in soil, rice straw, paddy water and brown rice was developed. Pymetrozine residues were extracted from samples, cleaned up by solid phase extraction (SPE) and then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS). The average recovery was 81.2-88.1% from soil, 83.4-88.6% from rice straw, 87.3-94.1% from paddy water and 82.9-85.3% from brown rice. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 15%. The limits of detection (LODs) of pymetrozine calculated as a sample concentration were 0.0003 mg kg⁻¹ (mg L⁻¹) for soil and paddy water, 0.001 mg kg⁻¹ for brown rice and rice straw. The results of kinetics study of pymetrozine residue showed that pymetrozine degradation in water, soil, and rice straw coincided with C = 0.194e^−0.986t, C = 0.044e^−0.099t, and C = 0.988e^−0.780t, respectively; the half-lives were about 0.70 d, 7.0 d and 0.89 d, respectively. The degradation rate of pymetrozine in water was the fastest, followed by rice straw. The highest final pymetrozine residues in brown rice were 0.01 mg kg⁻¹, which was lower than the EU’s upper limit of 0.02 mg kg⁻¹ in rice. Therefore, a dosage of 300-600 g a.i.hm⁻² was recommended, which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in rice straw smoke and their origins in Japan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) contained in the smoke generated from rice straw burning in post-harvest paddy fields in Japan were analyzed to determine their congener profiles. Both the apportionment of toxic equivalent (TEQ) by using indicative congeners and the comparison of the homolog profiles showed that the PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs present in the rice-straw smoke were greatly influenced by those present as impurities in pentachlorophenol (PCP) and chlornitrofen (CNP, 4-nitrophenyl-2,4,6-trichlorophenyl ether) formulations that had been widely used as herbicides in paddy fields in Japan. Further, in order to investigate the effects of paddy-field soil on the PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs present in rice-straw smoke, PCDD/PCDF/DL-PCB homolog profiles of rice straw, rice-straw smoke and paddy-field soil were compared. Rice-straw smoke was generated by burning rice straw on a stainless-steel tray in a laboratory. The results suggested that the herbicides-originated PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs and the atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs contributed predominantly to the presence of PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs in the rice-straw smoke while the contribution of PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs formed during rice straw burning was relatively minimal. The major sources of the PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs found in the rice-straw smoke were attributed primarily to the paddy-field soil adhered to the rice straw surface and secondarily to the air taken by the rice straw. The principal component analysis supported these conclusions. It is concluded that rice straw burning at paddy fields acts as a driving force in the transfer of PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs from paddy-field soil to the atmosphere.