好氧颗粒污泥形成过程与机理分析

以西安市第三污水处理厂氧化沟中的普通絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,人工配制的模拟生活废水为营养,表面气体上升流速为1.06~1.77 cm/s时,在SBR反应器中成功培养出了好氧颗粒污泥,SVI值由最初的168 mL/g逐渐降低至40 mL/g左右,污泥表现出了良好的沉降性能,同时,对COD、TN、TP的去除率分别达到了95%、96%和98%。研究认为,颗粒污泥的形成是一个微生态系统形成的过程,水力剪切力是其形成的一个重要影响因素,直接影响到好氧颗粒污泥微生物种群的结构和分布;从丝状微生物与微生态群落的关系分析,胶团菌与结构丝状菌之间相互依存,丝状微生物形成了絮体骨架,为絮体形成较大颗粒提供了必要条件。     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane. Translated from ACTA Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 396–400 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

FeCl3-生化耦合技术调控未知诱因的污泥膨胀

丝状菌污泥膨胀是影响污水处理厂出水水质的常见问题.现有的调控技术存在见效慢、耗时长和通用性差等弊端.提高COD和DO浓度,投加FeCl_3和交替曝气是目前调控丝状菌膨胀的主要方法,这些方法的耦合技术调控未知诱因的污泥膨胀的效果鲜有报道.实验设计三段A/O反应器应急性运行SBR工艺,交替曝气时提高DO至(7. 45±0. 49) mg·L~(-1),COD初始浓度提高至(332. 73±106. 06) mg·L~(-1),沉淀工序中投加FeCl_3,使之在混合液中质量浓度为120 mg·L~(-1),形成的FeCl_3-生化耦合技术快速调控未知诱因的Candidatus Saccharibacteria为主要菌属的污泥膨胀,污泥体积指数14 d从274 m L·g~(-1)稳定至56 m L·g~(-1). FeCl_3-生化耦合技术有效抑制Candidatus Saccharibacteria的繁殖,其属水平相对丰度从97. 64%降低至32. 67%.调控过程出水COD和PO_4~(3-)-P浓度均稳定达到一级A标准,NH_4~+-N去除率从65. 33%增长至74. 65%.表明FeCl_3-生化耦合技术调控未知诱因的污泥膨胀具有良好效果.     

A2O-MBR工艺中生物泡沫现象原因及其影响研究

以实际规模A²O-MBR污水厂为研究对象,主要考察好氧池生物泡沫现象及其基本特征（质/量特征和生物特征）,探究引发生物泡沫的潜在原因,并分析生物泡沫对污染物去除效果及膜污染的影响.结果表明试验期间,好氧池生物泡沫现象日趋严重,泡沫质/量特征值（泡沫量-Scum index,SI^*和泡沫潜能/稳定性-Foam power,FP）随运行时间延长呈上升趋势,且SI^*和FP与总胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substance,EPS）和结合型EPS浓度显著相关.生物泡沫中丝状菌丰度、微生物活性均高于污泥混合液.经分析生物泡沫的产生及稳定可能是由EPS作用和丝状菌（主要是微丝菌和0092型菌）作用引起的.生物泡沫持续存在期间,A²O-MBR系统对污染物去除效果（COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP和浊度）稳定,并未受到负面影响.泡沫对膜污染具有一定的影响.     

丝状真菌调理对柠檬酸污泥脱水性能的影响

利用实验室分离的丝状真菌Aspergillus niger SS5对柠檬酸污泥进行了污泥脱水前的生物调理.结果表明,菌液浓度和调理时间是影响污泥脱水性能的主要因素,调理后污泥的脱水性能、沉降性能均有明显改善,调理后的污泥负电荷减少,粒径显著增大,结合水含量比未投加菌液的空白对照降低了近40%.同时,真菌调理显著降低了上清液COD及污泥各EPS层的蛋白质和多糖含量,EPS中蛋白质的降解与污泥结合水含量、D₅₀和Zeta电位显著相关,是影响柠檬酸污泥脱水性能改善的重要因素,且有机物的降解并未导致污泥pH值的显著变化,这和柠檬酸污泥拥有较大的酸碱缓冲容量有关.采用20mL/g DS的Aspergillus niger SS5调理柠檬酸污泥,调理3d可使泥饼含水率降至71.98%,且调理过程无化学药剂加入,更有利于柠檬酸等食品发酵类工业污泥的后续资源化综合利用.     

改善污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌的分离及其促进污泥脱水的机制初探

探讨污泥中丝状真菌对污泥脱水性能的影响及其机制,对生物法强化污泥脱水技术的发展具有重要意义.本研究从剩余污泥中分离筛选可以提高污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌,并分析其改善污泥脱水性能的具体机制.结果表明,在剩余污泥中存在着可以促进污泥脱水性能改善的丝状真菌,从中分离筛选出1株毛霉属的真菌Mucor circinelloides ZG-3,该菌对改善污泥脱水性能具有良好的效果.该丝状真菌处理剩余污泥过程中污泥的脱水性能改善效果主要受到接种方式、接种浓度和污泥含固率的影响,其最适接种方式为菌丝体接种,最适接种浓度为10%,最适污泥含固率约为4%.在最适条件下处理污泥可使污泥比阻降低75.1%,显著改善污泥的脱水性能,并且处理后污泥溶液的COD值约为310 mg·L-1,处理后的污泥仍具有良好的沉降性能.M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥过程中,污泥脱水性能的改善主要与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的降解和污泥p H的降低有关.因此,采用M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥是一种非常有潜力的新型污泥调理技术.     

从细菌的生化特性看生物脱氮与生物除磷的关系

目前一般的污水生物脱氮除磷机理认为生物反硝化脱氮与生物除磷是两个相互独立、相互竞争的生理过程，并且以这两个生理过程区分反硝化菌和聚磷菌。对生物脱氮除磷工艺中的细菌组成和生化特性的研究发现：硝酸盐还原性和超量吸磷只是两种并不冲突的细菌的生化特性，生物脱氮与生物除磷可以相互结合。即同时拥有这两种生化特性的细菌可以同时进行反硝化吸磷和脱氮生化反应。     

低溶解氧污泥微膨胀的发生及脱氮除磷效果优化

采用SBR工艺以缺氧/好氧运行模式处理实际生活污水,在常温条件下通过降低溶解氧诱发活性污泥微膨胀,使污泥的容积指数(SVI)维持在150～220mL/g之间.研究了低溶解氧污泥微膨胀现象的发生和诱因微生物的生长,并对污泥微膨胀状态下系统的脱氮除磷效果进行优化.结果表明,常温条件下诱发污泥微膨胀的丝状菌主要有M.parcicella、0803型和H.hydrossis,其中M.parcicella为优势丝状菌,在丝状菌中所占比例最大.研究还发现,在低氧运行期间SBR出水正磷酸盐明显降低,COD略有升高但影响不大,但氨氮去除率明显下降,由95%以上下降到65%.通过采用厌氧/好氧/缺氧的运行模式:瞬间进水→厌氧搅拌(0.75h)→曝气(5h)→缺氧搅拌(2.25h)→静沉、排水(1h),氨氮和总氮的去除率均达到95%以上,出水总氮5mg/L,同时,PO43--P去除率达到95%以上,实现了低溶解氧污泥微膨胀系统高的脱氮除磷效率.     

Evaluation of fungal potentiality for bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge

This study was undertaken to screen the filamentous fungi isolated from its relevant habitats (wastewater, sewage sludge and sludge cake) for the bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge. A total of 35 fungal strains were tested against wastewater sludge (total suspended solids, TSS 1%-5% w/w) to evaluate its potentiality for enhancing the biodegradability and dewaterability using liquid state bioconversion(LSB) process. The strains were divided into five groups i. e. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Basidiomycete and Miscellaneous, respectively. The strains WWZP1003, SCahmA103, SCahmT105 and PC-9 among their respective groups of Penicillium,Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Basidiomycete played potential roles in terms of separation (formation of pellets/flocs/filaments),biodegradation(removal of COD) and filtration(filterability) of treated domestic wastewater sludge. The Miscellaneous group was not considered due to its unsatisfactory results as compared to the other groups. The pH value was also influenced by the microbial treatment during fermentation process. The filterability of treated sludge was improved by fungal treatment, and lowest filtration time was recorded for the strain WWZP1003 and SCahmA103 of Penicillium and Aspergillus groups respectively compared with other strains.     

MBR系统内丝状菌污泥膨胀的分子生态学解析

膜 生物反应器 (MembraneBioreactor ,MBR)工艺是目前污水处理技术的研究的热点之一 .以前大部分研究集中于宏观工程参数控制和活性污泥特性对系统运行的作用过程 ,针对系统内活性污泥的分子生态学研究尚少 .本文在长期试验运行基础上 ,发现丝状菌在MBR运行过程中容易大量增殖形成污泥膨胀 ,对系统的处理效率及膜污染造成一定影响 .为了对其膨胀发生过程及变化进行深入的机理解析 ,本研究利用荧光原位杂交 (FluorescentinSituHybridization ,FISH)分子生物学分析技术 ,对MBR系统内丝状菌污泥膨胀的发生过程进行了跟踪研究 .发现引起膨胀的丝状菌主要是 0 2 1NⅡ型丝状细菌 ,G2M探针杂交后的丝状菌相对量的变化逐渐升高 .