氯化钙控制污泥膨胀

污泥膨胀是活性污泥工艺运行中经常遇到的最棘手的问题之一。本实验以人工合成污水为底物,采用序机式活性污泥法（SBR）;研究投加无机混凝剂氯化钙控制污泥膨胀的情况,同时研究丝状菌和菌胶团的变化。研究发现,投加氯化钙后,丝状菌数量明显减少;形成较多大而密实规则的菌胶团,污泥膨胀得到控制。污泥容积指数（SVI）由最初的309.5 mL/g降到67.1 mL/g,污泥沉降性能改善。停止投加氯化钙后又运行了18周期,活性污泥没有发生再次膨胀。投加氯化钙对COD去除率没有明显影响。研究结果表明,投加氯化钙是一种有效的污泥膨胀应急控制措施。     

改善气液传质效率实现丝状菌膨胀污泥控制的方法

为了研究活性污泥系统中丝状菌的存在与污泥气液传质的关系,实验测量了不同絮体结构丝状菌污泥对体积溶氧传质系数(kLa)的影响,并考察了改善气液传质效率对控制丝状菌膨胀的影响。实验结果表明,丝状菌对气液传质的影响主要取决于丝状菌的沉淀性能而不是丝状菌的数量。在由于溶氧不足导致丝状菌膨胀的条件下,可以通过改善丝状菌絮体结构提高系统的气液传质效率,即通过絮体结构调控消除溶氧不足的外在条件,从而实现了控制丝状菌膨胀的目的。研究成果以改善丝状菌结构为手段,从微生物本身出发提高系统曝气效果,为控制丝状菌膨胀提供了新的思路。     

EGSB反应器处理焦化废水的颗粒污泥反应动力学研究

为了对处理实际焦化废水微氧EGSB反应器污染物去除机理进行研究,建立了处理实际焦化废水微氧EGSB反应器内污染物质降解动力学模型,考察EGSB反应器启动和稳定运行阶段不同运行条件时COD去除效果,并分析动力学参数的变化。研究确定了处理实际焦化废水(进水COD 2 000 mg/L左右)微氧EGSB反应器在启动和稳定运行阶段所适用的基质降解模型,动力学常数vmax、KI、KS、vmax/KS、KS/KI分别为7.34×10-3h-1、197.76 mg/L、19.53 mg/L、3.7×10-4L/(h·mg)、0.10和2.4×10-2h-1、66.64 mg/L、44.07 mg/L、5.4×10-4L/(h·mg)、0.66;微氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥能够逐渐适应并高效降解焦化废水中污染物质,焦化废水中毒性污染物质对颗粒污泥的抑制程度是由KS/KI决定的,KS/KI越大,抑制程度越弱,处理实际焦化废水EGSB反应器启动和稳定运行阶段的KS/KI分别为0.04~0.1和0.66~0.74;液体上升流速Vup的提高能够明显提高最大比基质降解速率vmax,降低半饱和常数KS和抑制常数KI,最终强化微氧EGSB反应器的运行效果,稳定运行阶段COD去除率高达92.7%。     

Evaluation of fungal potentiality for bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge

This study was undertaken to screen the filamentous fungi isolated from its relevant habitats (wastewater, sewage sludge and sludge cake) for the bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge. A total of 35 fungal strains were tested against wastewater sludge (total suspended solids, TSS 1%-5% w/w) to evaluate its potentiality for enhancing the biodegradability and dewaterability using liquid state bioconversion(LSB) process. The strains were divided into five groups i. e. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Basidiomycete and Miscellaneous, respectively. The strains WWZP1003, SCahmA103, SCahmT105 and PC-9 among their respective groups of Penicillium,Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Basidiomycete played potential roles in terms of separation (formation of pellets/flocs/filaments),biodegradation(removal of COD) and filtration(filterability) of treated domestic wastewater sludge. The Miscellaneous group was not considered due to its unsatisfactory results as compared to the other groups. The pH value was also influenced by the microbial treatment during fermentation process. The filterability of treated sludge was improved by fungal treatment, and lowest filtration time was recorded for the strain WWZP1003 and SCahmA103 of Penicillium and Aspergillus groups respectively compared with other strains.     

营养物质对污泥沉降性能的影响及污泥膨胀的控制

采用序批式活性污泥工艺(SBR)处理啤酒废水,研究了N、P营养物质的不同缺乏程度对污泥沉降性能的影响,同时考察了污泥絮体性状和微生物的变化.结果表明,原水BOD₅/N/P为100/5/1、100/5/0.8和100/4/0.8时,污泥沉降性能良好,没有发生膨胀;BOD₅/N/P为100/0.94/0.31、100/2/0.4、100/3/0.6时发生丝状菌污泥膨胀;BOD₅/N/P为100/0.94/1、100/5/0.31、100/5/0.4、100/5/0.6时发生非丝状菌污泥膨胀.缺乏营养物质引起的污泥膨胀,多数情况下补充足够的营养物质后,膨胀可得到控制.提高有机负荷有助于改善污泥的沉降性能.进水N、P营养物质同时缺乏时,可形成直径为2mm～6mm的颗粒污泥.     

Biodegradation of Chitosan-Gellan and Poly(L-lysine)-Gellan Polyion Complex Fibers by Pure Cultures of Soil Filamentous Fungi

The degradation of two kinds of polyion complex (PIC) fibers, chitosan-gellan (CGF), and poly(L-lysine)-gellan (LGF) fibers, by seven species of soil filamentous fungi has been investigated. All of the pure-line soil filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium caseicolum, P. citrinum, Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Curvularia sp., and Cladosporium sp. grew on the two fiber materials. Microscopic observation of the biodegradation processes revealed that P. caseicolum on the CGF and LGF grew, along with the accompanying collapse of the fiber matrices. In the biochemical oxygen-demand (BOD) test, the biodegradation of the LGF by P. caseicolum and Curvularia sp. exceeded 97% carbon dioxide generation and the biodegradation of the CGF by A. oryzae was 59%. These results might offer some clues to the applications of the PIC fibers as environmentally biodegradable materials.     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统的COD需求

本试验采用SBR反应器,接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段改变进水中总磷(TP)和COD浓度,研究了不同磷浓度条件下COD负荷对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,得出不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好性能所需最低COD浓度.结果表明,进水TP浓度为10 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统维持良好性能所需最低COD浓度为175 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为1 020μm和36 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量(以MLSS计)分别为78 mg·g~(-1)和39 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.进水TP浓度为6 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统良好除磷性能所需最低COD浓度为150 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.3 mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为960μm和35 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量分别为75 mg·g~(-1)和35 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.整个运行过程中,COD去除率在83%以上,出水COD浓度在25mg·L-1以下.在不同磷浓度条件下,随着进水COD浓度降低,微生物分泌PN和PS含量均减少,PN/PS增大,颗粒粒径减小,SVI增加,颗粒的结构和性能恶化.     

Fractal characteristics of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge and its significance

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Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge in a conventional,continuous flow,completely mixed activated sludge system

Aerobic granules were formed in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS). The reactor was inoculated with seed sludge containing few filaments and fed with synthetic municipal wastewater. The settling time of the sludge and the average dissolved oxygen (DO) of the reactor were 2 h and 4.2 mg·L^-1, respectively. The reactor was agitated by a stirrer, with a speed of 250 r·min^-1, to ensure good mixing．The granular sludge had good settleability, and the sludge volume index (SVI) was between 50 and 90 mL·g^-1. The laser particle analyzer showed the diameter of the granules to be between 0.18 and 1.25 mm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation revealed the predominance of sphere-like and rod-like bacteria, and only few filaments grew in the granules. The microbial community structure of the granules was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Sequencing analysis indicated the dominant species were α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The data from the study suggested that aerobic granules could form, if provided with sufficient number of filaments and high shear force. It was also observed that a high height-to-diameter ratio of the reactor and short settling time were not essential for the formation of aerobic granular sludge.