Assessment of health benefit of PM2.5 reduction during COVID-19 lockdown in China and separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology

The national lockdown policies have drastically disrupted socioeconomic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, which provides a unique opportunity to investigate the air quality response to such anthropogenic disruptions. And it is meaningful to evaluate the potential health impacts of air quality changes during the lockdown, especially for PM_2.5 with adverse health effects. In this study, by using PM_2.5 observations from 1388 monitoring stations nationwide in China, we examine the PM_2.5 variations between the COVID-19 lockdown (February and March in 2020) and the same period in 2015–2019, and find that the national average of PM_2.5 decreases by 18 μg/m³, and mean PM_2.5 for most sites (about 75%) decrease by 30%–60%. The anthropogenic and meteorological contributions to these PM_2.5 variations are also determined by using a stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) model combined with the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter. Our results show that the change of anthropogenic emissions is a leading contributor to those widespread PM_2.5 reductions, and meteorological conditions have the negative influence on PM_2.5 reductions for some regions, such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH). Additionally, the avoided premature death due to PM_2.5 reduction is estimated as a predicted number based on a log-linear concentration-response function. The total avoided premature death is 9952 in China, with dominant contribution (94%) from anthropogenic emission changes. For BTH, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Hubei regions, the reductions of PM_2.5 are 24.1, 24.3, 13.5 and 29.5 μg/m³, with the avoided premature deaths of 1066, 1963, 454 and 583, respectively.     

Enhanced removal of organic matter and typical disinfection byproduct precursors in combined iron–carbon micro electrolysis-UBAF process for drinking water pre-treatment

The organic matter and two types of disinfection byproduct(DBP) precursors in micropolluted source water were removed using an iron–carbon micro-electrolysis(ICME)combined with up-flow biological aerated filter(UBAF) process. Two pilot-scale experiments(ICME-UBAF and UBAF alone) were used to investigate the effect of the ICME system on the removal of organic matter and DBP precursors. The results showed that ICME pretreatment removed 15.6% of dissolved organic matter(DOM)and significantly improved the removal rate in the subsequent UBAF process. The ICME system removed 31% of trichloromethane(TCM) precursors and 20% of dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN) precursors. The results of measurements of the molecular weight distribution and hydrophilic fractions of DOM and DBP precursors showed that ICME pretreatment played a key role in breaking large-molecular-weight organic matter into low-molecular-weight components, and the hydrophobic fraction into hydrophilic compounds, which was favorable for subsequent biodegradation by UBAF.Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3D-EEM) further indicated that the ICME system improved the removal of TCM and DCAN precursors. The biomass analysis indicated the presence of a larger and more diverse microbial community in the ICME-UBAF system than for the UBAF alone. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that domination of the genera Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas and Sphingorhabdus contributed to the better removal of organic matter and two types of DBP precursors. Also, Nitrosomonas and Pseudomonas were beneficial for ammonia removal.     

不同填料对大肠杆菌去除能力的研究

针对丘陵农村地区水质恶化、经济基础差及污水处理能力有限的状况,目前一般采用人工湿地和自然沟渠综合措施处理生活污水,但迄今仍缺乏针对水体病原菌污染的自然生态去除技术研究。为了筛选适宜去除病原菌的人工湿地填料,选用林地土、旱地土、水稻土、生物炭、无烟煤、沸石和石英7种填料,测定不同填料对大肠杆菌的去除能力,并通过在旱地土添加不同比例生物炭(0%、2%、5%、10%、20%、50%),探讨基于大肠杆菌去除容量与去除成本的旱地土与生物炭颗粒物复合物最佳比例。结果表明:不同填料介质生活污水大肠杆菌去除能力由强到弱依次为生物炭>无烟煤>水稻土>旱地土>林地土>沸石>石英;添加生物炭可增大湿地土壤孔隙度,有效提高单位时间内渗滤污水速率,及大肠杆菌的去除率,特别对大肠埃希氏菌去除效果更加明显;生物炭添加可延迟填料到达吸附饱和的时间,有效增加人工湿地处理容量。综合考虑大肠杆菌去除效率和生物炭添加成本等因素,人工湿地生物炭最优添加比例为20%。     

大气细颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳监测方法对比

在线精确测量大气细颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)是研究碳质气溶胶形成和来源解析的重要科学基础.在线测定仪器选取不同的升温程序可能导致OC和EC观测数据差异,造成对研究结果的误判.对比分析在线OC/EC分析仪最常使用的RT-Quartz(R法)、NIOSH 5040(N法)和Fast-TC(F法)这3种温度协议下获得的OC和EC实际观测结果,结合北京空气污染程度,讨论了3种分析程序观测结果的异同.结果表明,3种分析程序对TC(TC=OC+EC)、OC和EC的测量均无显著性差异,但存在一定偏差.对TC的测量,R法比N法低5%,比F法高1%;对OC的测量,R法比N法低9%,比F法高1%;对EC的测量,R法比N法高20%,比F法低11%,其中R法温度协议在不同空气质量下对TC、OC和EC测量的变异系数均小于N法和F法.使用R法的在线分析与小流量PM2.5石英膜采样-离线分析所测定的TC、OC和EC结果的线性拟合斜率分别为1.21、1.14和1.35,R2TC、R2OC和R2EC分别为0.99、0.99和0.98;R法测定的EC浓度显著低于多角度吸收光度计(MAAP)测定的BC浓度.当BC8μg·m-3时,EC/BC为0.39,而当BC8μg·m-3,EC/BC为0.88.EC与BC变化趋势相近,但浓度值存在系统误差.     

用于滤膜称重的饱和氯化镁溶液恒湿系统搭建与评估

目前中国大气颗粒物污染严重,许多颗粒物测量工作使用基于滤膜采样的重量分析法,滤膜称重过程的质量保障至关重要.本文搭建了一套具有恒湿能力的滤膜平衡称重箱(1.2 m×0.6 m×0.8 m)并自制流量控制系统用于平衡和称量滤膜.通过测试空白滤膜和负载大气颗粒物的滤膜在不同相对湿度下的质量变化确定了30%~40%的平衡相对湿度并选用饱和氯化镁溶液控制称重箱内的相对湿度.用20 L·min~(-1)的干燥气通过装有饱和氯化镁溶液的恒湿箱,再将平衡后的气体通入平衡称重箱使其相对湿度达到稳定,随后用5 L·min~(-1)的流量维持.通过一个月的测试表明,系统在称重箱外相对湿度变化较大时,仍可维持称重箱内相对湿度在30.1%~34.0%之间.使用该恒湿系统称量60张滤膜,恒湿3次后称量的偏差均值不超过±0.02mg.相比于其他恒湿系统,这套系统具有简单、稳定、易于维护和成本低的特点.     

生物膜脱氮滤池的微生物群落结构特性

为探究生物膜脱氮滤池脱氮效能差异的微生物因素,设置组1(包括接种污泥、稳定期滤料、反冲洗后滤料微生物变化)和组2(包括反冲洗前滤料、反冲洗后不同时间段滤料微生物变化)两组实验,通过高通量测序,研究不同阶段微生物群落结构、丰度和多样性的分布情况.结果表明:接种污泥与滤料表面微生物群落结构和多样性在门水平下差异不大,但在属水平下差异显著,而相对丰度在两种分类水平下始终差异显著.反冲洗后0～4 h滤料表面微生物的OTU数目、Shannon指数、Chao1指数变化,在滤池30 cm处先升后降,而在60 cm处曲折上升,也即二者的微生物丰度和多样性变化趋势.反冲洗前后Proteobacteria始终占主导地位,相对丰度为79%～90%,Proteobacteria中Betaproteobacteria占主导优势,反冲洗后Betaproteobacteria数量相对减少,后逐渐恢复.总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度在反冲洗1 h后30 cm处由78%左右下降到70%左右,60 cm处由68%左右下降到64%左右,此时出水总氮达到最高值7.7 mg·L~(-1),之后总反硝化优势菌属及出水TN浓度逐渐恢复至正常水平,这种消长变化表明滤池脱氮效果与总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度密切相关,滤池运行状态的改变使得反硝化优势菌属的群落结构差异显著.     

咪唑氯盐离子液体对蚯蚓急性毒性及体重影响研究

采用OECD标准滤纸接触法和人工土壤法,研究了3种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Hmim]Cl)、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Omim]Cl)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性致死作用,并测定亚慢性暴露试验下蚯蚓的体重变化.滤纸接触法测得[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓24 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为109.60、50.38、7.94μg.cm-2;48 h的LC50分别为98.52、39.14、3.61μg.cm-2.人工土壤法得到[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓7 d的LC50分别为447.78、245.56、180.51 mg.kg-1,14 d的LC50分别288.42、179.75、150.35 mg.kg-1.蚯蚓在3种离子液体作用下表现出不同的中毒症状.3种离子液体对蚯蚓的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,体重随着浓度增加而下降.离子液体对蚯蚓毒性随着碳链长度的增加而增大.     

生物滴滤塔净化多组分废气的研究

通过生物滴滤塔(biotrickling filter,BTF)净化硫化氢(H2S)、四氢呋喃(THF)、二氯甲烷(DCM)混合废气,研究其挂膜启动和稳定运行条件下的降解性能.结果表明,混合废气H2S、THF、DCM浓度分别为200、100和100 mg·m-3,空床停留时间(empty bed retention time,EBRT)50～20 s的条件下,H2S和THF的去除率分别能够维持在99%和60%左右,而DCM的去除率随EBRT的缩短从90%逐渐降低至37%左右.利用Michaelis-Menten动力学模型分析得到,理论降解效果为H2S>THF>DCM.     

各国袋式除尘器用滤料性能测试方法的异同

详细介绍了德国标准VDI/DIN 3926(2004)、美国标准ASTM D 6830-02(2008)、日本标准JIS Z 8909-1(2005)和中国标准《袋式除尘器技术要求》GB/T 6719-2009中关于袋式除尘器用滤料性能检测的实验装置和实验方法.通过对比分析,得到各国袋式除尘器用滤料性能测试方法和检测装...     

有源滤波器在港口起重设备上的应用

由于技术的进步和生产要求的提高．变频技术被越来越多的使用在包括港口起重机械在内的起重设备中。在提高整机性能的同时,大量谐波的出现也给起重设备的运行带来较大危害。本文针对某港口出现的谐波问题,采用了有源滤波器对谐波进行处理,取得了良好的效果,具有广阔的应用前景。