卡尔曼滤波器对UASB反应器运行状态估计

在出水基质浓度Ｃｅ，沼气产生速率Ｑｇ对进水基质浓度Ｃ０序列的传递函数模型的基础上，采用卡尔曼滤波法对Ｃｅ和Ｑｇ序列进行估计和预测，标准误差分别为６．１９％和１０．４％。     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

低温条件下污泥静置沉降时间对城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能的影响

研究城市生物沥浸污泥脱水性能与污泥静置沉降时间的关系,对城市污泥生物沥浸工程化应用具有指导性作用.因此,以城市生物沥浸污泥为研究对象,研究了低温条件下(5℃和15℃)污泥静置0～6d过程中,污泥pH值和脱水性能(用比阻γ表征)的变化情况.同时,对实验室污泥比阻与厢式压滤机中试结果进行了相关性分析.结果表明:温度增加将有利于污泥沉降,在实际运行中沥浸污泥可选择静置0.5d再进行压滤脱水.随着静置时间的延长,冬季(5℃)和春季(15℃)城市沥浸污泥pH值和比阻均呈逐渐上升的趋势.静置6d后,pH值分别从3.93和3.87上升到5.10和5.32,比阻γ分别从1.72×1012m·kg-1和1.76×1012m·kg-1上升到3.08×1012m·kg-1和5.82×1012m·kg-1.实验室污泥比阻测定和厢式压滤机中试结果表明,不同静置时间下污泥比阻γ与压滤机压滤脱水V-t/V曲线(V:滤液体积;t:过滤时间)斜率k呈极显著正相关关系,说明用污泥比阻γ能准确地反映出生物沥浸污泥的压滤脱水性能.这对生物沥浸技术在工程上的应用和推广具有重要意义.     

Performances of biological aerated filter employing hollow fiber membrane segments of surface-improved poly （sulfone） as biofilm carriers

Using the surface of poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segments as grafted layer, the hydrophilic acrylamide chain was grafted on by UV-photoinduced grafting polymerization. The gained improvement of surface wettability for the modified membrane was tested by measuring the contact-angle as well as FTIR spectra. Then correlation between the hydrophilic ability of support material and the biofilm adherence ability was demonstrated by comparing the pollutant removal rates from urban wastewater via two identical lab-scale up-flow biological aerated filters, one employed the surface wettability modified poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segment as biofilm carder and the other employed unmodified membrane segment as biofilm carder. The experimental results showed that under the conditions of influent flux 5 L/h, hydraulic retention time 9 h and gas to liquid ratio （G/L） 10： 1, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and ammonium nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） for the modified packing filter and the unmodified packing filter was averaged at 83.64% and 96.25%, respectively, with the former filter being 5%-20% more than the latter. The effluent concentration of COD, NH4^＋-N and turbidity for the modified packing filter was 25.25 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 8 NTU, respectively. Moreover, the ammonium nitrogen removal performance of the filter packing the modified PSF was compared with the other bioreactor packing of an efficient floating medium. The biomass test indicated that the modified membrane matrixes provided better specific adhesion （3310-5653 mg TSS/L support）, which gave a mean of 1000 mg TSS/L more than the unmodified membrane did. In addition, the phenomenon of simultaneous denitrification on the inner surface of the support and nitrification on the outer surface was found in this work.     

滴滤塔气液流动与微生物膜分布的相互影响

生物膜滴滤塔性能受多孔填料、生物膜和气液两相流体流动特性的共同影响,传质过程复杂,流体流动强烈地影响生物滴滤塔生物膜的形成和分布,同时生物膜在滴滤塔中的分布反过来影响填料层内气液两相流体流动。实验研究了生物滴滤塔挂膜前后填料层的孔隙率和不同气、液流量下压强降的变化,结果表明:滴滤塔内生物膜分布不均匀,填料层孔隙率随填料层高度增加而增加,填料层中下部,孔隙率低,生物量最大,填料层顶部,孔隙率与挂膜前相等,无生物膜生长;挂膜前气体流量对填料层压强降影响较液体流量影响大,挂膜后液体流量对填料层压强降影响较气体流量影响大;同时微生物挂膜成功后填料层气体压强降远大于挂膜前压强降。     

饮用水传统净化方法研究进展

介绍了常规饮用水净化工艺中混凝环节使用的无机絮凝剂、有机絮凝剂和天然高分子絮凝剂和氯化消毒的主要特点,提出了减少其有毒负产物的方法,并对O3、ClO2消毒等较先进的消毒方法进行论述,以及深度处理中的活性炭吸附的不同使用方法效率特点进行介绍.     

光催化技术在功能性空气过滤材料中的应用研究

针对目前气态污染物和气溶胶态污染物对人们生活健康产生的巨大危害,论述了目前国内外光催化技术在功能性空气过滤材料中的研究,阐述了光催化技术和纤维过滤技术的基本原理,并对光催化剂在纤维上的负载和应用做了详细介绍,最后提出了该领域可能的发展方向。     

自研制粉煤灰滤料处理高氟饮用水的研究

文章采用无机造孔添加剂,将粉煤灰和粘土在900℃经短时间烧制得到高强大比表面积的滤料。该滤料可用于吸附氟离子,吸附类型属于Freundlich型,是一种中等覆盖度的多层吸附。将该滤料填装于玻璃柱中进行动态过滤模拟试验、过滤高氟饮用水,滤出水pH增加、浊度降低;对进水浓度和温度等影响因素进行研究,结果表明,随着进水氟离子浓度的增加,滤水量减少,滤料的除氟率增加;随着温度的增加,滤水量增加,除氟率也增加。     

微污染水源水强化出水水质技术研究

文章主要阐述了针对目前中国微污染水源水的特点及许多自来水厂普遍存在的水质问题,对生物强化过滤技术的应用进行了较深入的研究。生物活性滤池由于出水的亚硝酸盐氮浓度较低,因而节约了氯耗,减少了消毒副产物的生成,强化了出水水质,具有更高的水质安全性。生物强化过滤工艺既可以起生物过滤作用,又不增加任何新的设施,是一种易为水厂接受、经济实用的解决微污染饮用水源问题的有效途径,对保证水质安全及生产应用都具有非常重要的意义。     

升流式曝气生物滤池深度处理城市污水的工艺特性

用升流式曝气生物滤池(UBAF)处理城市污水.经二级生化处理后,城市污水可生化性很差,但UBAF对其中的COD、BOD₅、SS、氨氮以及浊度分别有22.2%, 55%, 84.4%, 49%,75.6% 的去除效率.进水的有机负荷,水力负荷对BAF的运行效果均有一定的影响.