滤速对慢滤池深度处理生活污水的影响

为进一步提高再生水水质,将慢滤池用于污水二级处理出水的进一步处理。选取浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数4个指标,利用实验室小试装置,研究了0.1、0.3、0.5m/h这3种滤速下慢滤池的性能。结果表明,滤速由0.1m/h升高至0.3m/h时,慢滤池出水水质略有下降。而滤速由0.3m/h升高至0.5m/h时,慢滤池出水水质下降显著。滤速小于等于0.3m/h时,慢滤出水浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数平均为0.4NTU、25.9mg/L、14.9°、5×10^3CFU/mL。慢滤对这4个指标的平均去除率分别为78.6%、36.0%、34.0%、62.3%。为获得优良的水质,建议慢滤池用于污水深度处理时,滤速宜小于0.3m/h。但实际工程中,用户对再生水水质要求不高时,则可适当增大慢滤池滤速。     

变孔隙滤池在电厂回用水处理中的应用

介绍了变孔隙滤池的原理、特点,并以某电厂中水深度处理项目为例详细介绍了工艺流程及设计参数,以及变孔隙滤池在电厂回用水中的应用、设计及施工中应注意的问题。     

Connectivity Planning to Address Climate Change

As the climate changes, human land use may impede species from tracking areas with suitable climates. Maintaining connectivity between areas of different temperatures could allow organisms to move along temperature gradients and allow species to continue to occupy the same temperature space as the climate warms. We used a coarse‐filter approach to identify broad corridors for movement between areas where human influence is low while simultaneously routing the corridors along present‐day spatial gradients of temperature. We modified a cost–distance algorithm to model these corridors and tested the model with data on current land‐use and climate patterns in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The resulting maps identified a network of patches and corridors across which species may move as climates change. The corridors are likely to be robust to uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of future climate change because they are derived from gradients and land‐use patterns. The assumptions we applied in our model simplified the stability of temperature gradients and species responses to climate change and land use, but the model is flexible enough to be tailored to specific regions by incorporating other climate variables or movement costs. When used at appropriate resolutions, our approach may be of value to local, regional, and continental conservation initiatives seeking to promote species movements in a changing climate. Planificación de Conectividad para Atender el Cambio Climático     

袋式除尘器清灰后除尘空间浓度场分析

通过动量守恒方程建立袋式除尘器滤袋清灰后滤袋周围浓度场的数学模型,并应用该模型分别对粗细粉尘,通过改变气流上升速度、袋间距,来计算除尘空间浓度场随时间的变化。结果表明:较细的颗粒物基本悬浮在袋口下0.5～2.5 m(滤袋长度8.3%～41.7%)的除尘空间中,而较粗的颗粒物沉积到滤袋的中下部被过滤;袋间距越小,其过滤浓度越大,相应的过滤速度也比较大;随着上升速度的增大,粒子悬浮的空间离袋口越近,其平均浓度也相应的越低(重新被过滤的颗粒物也越多)。     

危废填埋场导排层淤堵的时空分布特征

导排层淤堵导致的渗滤液水位过高是引发危险废物填埋场环境安全事故的主要原因之一,研究危险废物填埋场导排层淤堵规律,揭示其时空变化特征和主要影响因素具有重要的意义.本研究采用重庆某危险废物填埋场渗滤液原样作为导排流体,以卵石为导排颗粒,选择垂向Column装置模拟实际危险废物填埋场的淤堵特征和规律.对无反滤层装置的淤堵实验研究表明:时间上,导排层淤堵呈现出明显的阶段特征,初期(0~2 个月)孔隙度较为稳定,中期(3~4月)孔隙度缓慢下降,后期(5~6月)孔隙度急剧下降;空间上,越靠近入水口(0~10cm),淤堵越严重;时间越长不同高度处淤堵差异越明显.对不同反滤层装置淤堵的比较研究表明:反滤层的存在有利于控制淤堵物的产生,且土工布反滤层的效果好于细颗粒反滤层;反滤层存在条件下,导排系统的整体导排能力下降(60cm水头压力下的导排流量仅为无反滤层条件下的1/2).因此在导排层上方安置反滤层时需谨慎考虑.     

PAC和PAFC对内循环连续砂滤器处理石化二级出水的影响

采用PAC（聚合氯化铝）和PAFC（聚合氯化铝铁）作为絮凝剂,探讨不同絮凝剂及其投量对于内循环连续砂滤器处理效果和滤料板结潜在趋势的影响.结果表明,PAC和PAFC投量由5mg/L升至30mg/L时,COD和SS的去除率随着投加量的增大均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势.10mg/L为试验水质下的最佳投量,在该投量下,PAC对SS和COD去除率为分别为49.7%和12.9%;PAFC对SS和COD去除率分别为50.6%和13.8%.内循环连续砂滤器主要去除的是相对分子量在3k以上的溶解性有机物,但对相对分子量1k以下的溶解性有机物去除效果不好,总DOC去除率低于5%,需进一步深度处理以满足最新的排放标准.PAFC混合液比PAC混合液黏度低,有利于缓解滤料板结.总体来看,更适合于石化二级出水的混凝剂为PAFC,最佳投量为10-15mg/L,可保障对SS高效去除同时并使内循环连续砂滤器运行更加稳定.     

Combined biologic aerated filter and sulfur/ceramisite autotrophic denitrification for advanced wastewater nitrogen removal at low temperatures

An innovative advanced wastewater treatment process combining biologic aerated filter （BAF） and sulfur/ ceramisite-based autotrophic denitrification （SCAD） for reliable removal of nitrogen was proposed in this paper. In SCAD reactor, ceramisite was used as filter and Ca （HCO3）2 was used for supplying alkalinity and carbon source. The BAF-SCAD was used to treat the secondary treatment effluent. The performance of this process was investigated, and the impact of temperature on nitrogen removal was studied. Results showed that the combined system was effective in nitrogen removal even at low temperatures （8℃）. Removal of total nitrogen （TN）, NH4＋ -N, NO3-N reached above 90% at room temperature. Nitrification was affected by the temperature and nitrification at low temperature （8℃） was a limiting factor for TN removal. However, denitrification was not impacted by the temperature and the removal of NO3 -N maintained 98% during the experimental period. The reason of effective denitrification at low temperature might be the use of easily dissolved Ca（HCO3）2 and high-flux ceramisite, which solved the problem of low mass transfer efficiency at low temperatures. Besides, vast surface area of sulfur with diameter of 2-6 mm enhanced the rate of microbial utilization. The removal of nitrate companied with the production of SO42-, and the average concentration of SO27 was about 240mg.L^-1. These findings would be beneficial for the application of this process to nitrogen removal especially in the winter and cold regions.     

Laboratory study on high-temperature adsorption of HCI by dry-injection of Ca（OH）2 in a dual-layer granular bed filter

Combustion-generated hydrogen chloride （HCl） is considered to be a very hazardous acid gaseous pollutant. This paper presents a laboratory study on the dry adsorption of HCl. The experiments were conducted in a dual-layer granular bed filter, at gas temperatures of 500℃-700℃ and n（Ca）/n（Cl）molar ratios of 1.0-5.0 using the silver nitrate titration method by dry adsorbent powders Ca（OH）2. Mainly, the adsorption efficiency of HCI and utilization efficiency of Calcium were studied, by varying relevant factors including n（Ca）/n（Cl）, tempera- ture, feeding method, water vapor and CO2. With a relatively higher HCl concentration of 1000ppm, the experimental results revealed that 600℃ may be the optimum temperature for HCl adsorption when optimum n （Ca）/n（Cl） was 2.5 in our tests. The results also demonstrated that the feeding at a constant pressure was more effective, and the HCl adsorption efficiency could rapidly reach over 90% with n（Ca）/n（Cl） = 2.5 at 600℃. Furthermore, the HCl adsorption efficiency was found to be slightly promoted by water vapor, while could be impeded by CO2, and the utilization efficiency of calcium could be up to 74.4% without CO2, while was only 36.8% with CO2 when n（Ca）/n（Cl） was 2.5 at 600℃.     

机械回转反吹袋式除尘器清灰能力的研究

为提高机械回转反吹袋式除尘器的清灰能力,改善其性能指标,在对目前广泛应用的该类设备普遍存在清灰效果不佳的原因进行理论分析的基础上,提出了降低旋转臂转速以加大喷吹气量和喷吹时间为主,同时辅以其他改进措施的思路.实验表明,采用加大减速机速比的方法降低反吹机构回转速度以保证喷吹气量和喷吹时间,调整反吹风进口位置等其他措施以改善反吹风参数并有效地避免了二次吸附,在改善清灰效果和提高清灰能力方面取得了令人满意的效果.     

曝气生物滤池流态特性研究

为了解流体在反应器中的流动特征并为进一步提高反应器处理效率而改善水力条件,通过以KCl为示踪剂的脉冲示踪电导法对上向流曝气生物滤池在不同填料层高度和操作条件下的水力学特性进行摸拟研究.结果表明,平均停留时间主要受填料高度和水流速度影响,受气速影响较小.曝气生物滤池的流态随填料层高度的增加趋于相对稳定且接近推流;但滤床底部和顶部的流态却受水流速度和气流速度的影响较大且偏离推流.最后,建立了在曝气和不曝气两种操作条件下平均停留时间、流态与填料层高度、水流速度、气流速度的数学模型,这可用来预测反应器的流态变化特征,以改善曝气生物滤池的水力条件.