陶瓷膜处理废乳化液的实验

考察了在不同温度、不同浓缩倍数条件下陶瓷膜对废乳化液的处理效果及渗滤液通量变化情况。结果表明:温度为30℃时,CODCr和矿物油的截留率均达90%以上。此外还确定了膜的清洗方法,为实际应用提供基础数据。     

Effect of chemical dose on phosphorus removal and membrane fouling control in a UCT-MBR

Phosphorus removal was enhanced effectively by dosing aluminum sulfate and effluent phosphorus concentration was lower than 0.5 mg/L. Sludge activity was not inhibited but improved slightly with addition of aluminum sulfate. EPS concentrations both in mixed liquid and on membrane surface were decreased, contributing to the effective mitigation of membrane fouling. To enhance phosphorus removal and make the effluent meet the strict discharge level of total phosphorus (TP, 0.5 mg/L), flocculant dosing is frequently applied. In this study, the performance of aluminum sulfate dosing in a University of Cape Town Membrane Bioreactor (UCT-MBR) was investigated, in terms of the nutrients removal performance, sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The results indicated that the addition of aluminum sulfate into the aerobic reactor continuously had significantly enhanced phosphorus removal. Moreover, COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal were not affected and effluent all met the first level A criteria of GB18918-2002. In addition, the addition of aluminum sulfate had improved the sludge activity slightly and reduced trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase rate from 1.13 KPa/d to 0.57 KPa/d effectively. The membrane fouling was alleviated attributed to the increased average particle sizes and the decreased accumulation of the small sludge particles on membrane surface. Furthermore, the decline of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in mixed sludge liquid decreased its accumulation on membrane surface, resulting in the mitigation of membrane fouling directly.     

Experimental and computational assessment of 1,4-Dioxane degradation in a photo-Fenton reactive ceramic membrane filtration process

• 1,4-Dioxane was degraded via the photo-Fenton reactive membrane filtration. • Degradation efficiency and AQY were both enhanced in photocatalytic membrane. • There is a tradeoff between photocatalytic degradation and membrane permeation flux. • Degradation pathways of 1,4-Dioxane is revealed by DFT analysis. The present study evaluated a photo-Fenton reactive membrane that achieved enhanced 1,4-Dioxane removal performance. As a common organic solvent and stabilizer, 1,4-Dioxane is widely used in a variety of industrial products and poses negative environmental and health impacts. The membrane was prepared by covalently coating photocatalyst of goethite (α-FeOOH) on a ceramic porous membrane as we reported previously. The effects of UV irradiation, H₂O₂ and catalyst on the removal efficiency of 1,4-Dioxane in batch reactors were first evaluated for optimized reaction conditions, followed by a systematical investigation of 1,4-Dioxane removal in the photo-Fenton membrane filtration mode. Under optimized conditions, the 1,4-Dioxane removal rate reached up to 16% with combination of 2 mmol/L H₂O₂ and UV₃₆₅ irradiation (2000 µW/cm²) when the feed water was filtered by the photo-Fenton reactive membrane at a hydraulic retention time of 6 min. The removal efficiency and apparent quantum yield (AQY) were both enhanced in the filtration compared to the batch mode of the same photo-Fenton reaction. Moreover, the proposed degradation pathways were analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which provided a new insight into the degradation mechanisms of 1,4-Dioxane in photo-Fenton reactions on the functionalized ceramic membrane.     

Isolation and application of an ibuprofen-degrading bacterium to a biological aerated filter for the treatment of micro-polluted water

Ibuprofen (IBU) is widely used in the world as anti-inflammatory drug, which posed health risk to the environment. A bacterium capable of degrading IBU was isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment plant. According to its morphological, physiologic, and biochemical characteristics, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Serratia marcescens BL1 (BL1). Degradation of IBU required the presence of primary substrate. After a five-day cultivation with yeast powder at 30°C and pH 7, the highest degradation (93.47%±2.37%) was achieved. The process of BL1 degrading IBU followed first-order reaction kinetics. The BL1 strain was applied to a small biological aerated filter (BAF) device to form a biofilm with activated sludge. IBU removal by the BAF was consistent with the results of static tests. The removal of IBU was 32.01% to 44.04% higher than for a BAF without BL1. The indigenous bacterial community was able to effectively remove COD_Mn (permanganate index) and ammonia nitrogen in the presence of BL1.

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CDPF对重型柴油车颗粒物排放特性的影响

采用实验室底盘测功机和全流定容稀释采样系统（CVS）,搭载EEPS3090,开展了国三重型柴油车加装催化型颗粒物捕集器（CDPF）前后颗粒物排放因子和粒径分布比较,进一步分析了不同工况下CDPF对各模态颗粒物排放因子的影响.结果表明,重型柴油车加装CDPF前后基于单位里程的颗粒物数量排放因子分别为（2.7±1.1）×10¹⁵ km^-1和7.9×10¹⁴ km^-1,CDPF对颗粒物数量减排率为71.10%,其中对核模态和聚集态颗粒物数量减排率分别为28.70%和84.95%.随着车速的增加,CDPF对聚集态颗粒物数量减排效果良好,核模态颗粒物数量减排率急剧下降.高速工况下颗粒物在CDPF内部出现大粒径颗粒物向小粒径颗粒物转化的现象,导致核模态颗粒物数量排放因子的增加,应引起足够的重视.     

老龄垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物在SAARB和MBR处理过程的转化特征

生物法是常用的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺,然而垃圾渗滤液中有机物组成极为复杂,在生物处理过程有机物被完全去除、新产生、减少、保留和增加的5种情形不明.本文采用了超高分辨质谱电喷雾电离傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱从分子层面研究老龄垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物（DOM）分别在矿化垃圾床（SAARB）和膜生物反应器（MBR）处理过程的转化特征.结果表明,老龄垃圾渗滤液含有5000多个DOM分子式,主要由CHO、CHON、CHOS和CHONS类物质组成,分子组成十分复杂.经过SAARB和MBR处理后,出水中DOM数量分别小幅降低至4909和4864种,SAARB和MBR作为生物法对老龄垃圾渗滤液中有机物分子去除特性相似,被完全去除和减少的物质组成主要为生物可利用性较高的脂肪族类物质（H/C ≥ 1.5）、高度不饱和物质和酚类物质（0.50 ≥ AI,H/C<1.5）,这部分DOM表现出还原饱和的化学特性.新产生、保留和增加的部分物质主要是传统意义上指代的难降解有机物,其主要是高度不饱和物质和酚类物质（0.50 ≥ AI,H/C<1.5）以及芳香指数更高的多酚类物质（0.66 ≥ AI>0.50）,表现为氧化不饱和和还原不饱和的化学特性.本文揭示了老龄垃圾渗滤液在生物处理过程中DOM分子层面的转化特征,为老龄垃圾渗滤液在生物法高效处理提供理论参考.     

HEPA空气净化器对学校室内颗粒物的净化效果研究

为了解HEPA（high efficiency particle air filter,高效空气过滤器）空气净化器在小学教室和寝室的净化效果,于2019年3—4月在北京市一所全寄宿小学开展了一项HEPA空气净化器的交叉干预研究.记录干预组、非干预组室内和室外PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的浓度,计算空气净化器的净化率;采用多元线性回归模型探索净化效果的影响因素.结果表明:①空气净化器对PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的净化率分别为41.3%〔Q_l~Q_u（下四分位数~上四分位数,下同）:0~53.1%〕、40.7%（10.5%~46.2%）和34.9%（9.6%~40.3%）,其中对PM_2.5的净化率最高;寝室的净化率高于教室的净化率.②当室外PM_2.5浓度为[115,150）μg/m3时对PM_2.5的净化率最高,为52.83%（50.26%~56.13%）,PM₁₀和PM₁亦有类似结果.③多元线性回归分析表明,室外PM_2.5浓度 < 35 μg/m3时,开门通风和室内人员活动分别使室内PM_2.5浓度下降3.73 μg/m3〔95%置信区间（95% CI）:（0.60 μg/m3,6.86 μg/m3）〕和升高3.4 μg/m3（0.22 μg/m3,6.58 μg/m3）;室外PM_2.5浓度为[35,150）μg/m3时,空气净化器使室内PM_2.5浓度下降33.36 μg/m3（16.47 μg/m3,50.25 μg/m3）;室外PM_2.5浓度≥150 μg/m3时,空气净化器和开门通风分别使室内PM_2.5浓度下降48.87 μg/m3（25.62 μg/m3,72.12 μg/m3）和升高37.65 μg/m3（5.60 μg/m3,69.69 μg/m3）.研究显示:空气净化器可同时降低室内PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的浓度;当室外PM_2.5浓度 < 35 μg/m3时,不需开启空气净化器;当室外PM_2.5浓度为[35,150）μg/m3时,空气净化器有较好的净化效果,偶尔开窗通风不影响空气净化器的净化效果;当室外PM_2.5浓度≥150 μg/m3时,开启空气净化器时应关闭门窗,以免影响其净化效果.      

A/O交替运行钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池处理模拟生活污水脱氮除磷特性

利用两级钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池(SSMBF)构建厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行工艺系统.在单池HRT=2h,A/O交替周期48h,厌氧DO=0.2~0.5mg/L,好氧DO=3~5mg/L,T=23~27℃的运行条件下,考察了SSMBF系统对模拟生活污水(pH=6.8~7.5,COD=260~330mg/L,NH4+-N=35~40mg/L,PO43--P=9~11mg/L)的处理效果,分析了其氨氮和磷去除特性.结果表明,两级A/O交替SSMBF系统具有良好的生活污水处理能力,对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别为95%、40%~60%和83.3%,出水氨氮、磷和COD浓度分别为0.5mg/L?3~6mg/L和50mg/L.在厌氧/好氧交替周期为48h的工况下,SSMBF系统的氨氧化菌和聚磷菌分别可在10h和8h恢复最佳活性.SEM?EDS表征和污染物去除特性分析结果显示,A/O交替运行SSMBF系统充分发挥了钢渣基复合滤料的离子和碱度释放特性,通过聚磷菌的厌氧释磷效应,在厌氧SSMBF中诱导促进了生物-结晶协同除磷,结晶产物为以羟基磷灰石为主的磷酸盐化合物.     

自生动态膜分离厌氧产酸污泥效果与特征研究

采用自生生物动态膜(SFDM)分离高浓度发酵产酸污泥(非牛顿流体),研究了自生动态膜对发酵污泥中发酵底物的截留及挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的选择透过性效果,考察了自生生物动态膜阻力构成和膜污染层成分.结果表明:自生动态膜在运行3d后,出水悬浮性固体(SS)基本保持在1.5g/L以下,多糖截留率为40%,蛋白质截留率为75%;运行5d时,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)截留率稳定在45%左右,可以稳定截留分子量较大的物质;VFAs的截留率仅维持在3%左右,可以选择性透过动态膜.自生动态膜运行阻力主要来自动态膜层,粘附在膜面的胞外蛋白质是主要膜污染贡献物质.     

ABR耦合间歇曝气MBR工艺处理生活污水研究

为降低膜生物反应器(MBR)运行能耗和延缓膜污染,以厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-MBR工艺处理生活污水为例,采用间歇曝气和添加颗粒填料两种方式对工艺脱氮除磷运行条件和膜污染问题进行研究.结果表明,增大间歇曝气时间有利于提高氮磷的去除效果,对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为91%、95%、84%和92%(工况4),而添加颗粒填料对氮磷的去除没有显著影响.双重好氧-缺氧交替环境强化了工艺对磷的去除.添加颗粒填料比间歇曝气更能有效延缓膜污染,同时改变了膜污染的形成过程,膜内部污染物含量显著增多,与泥饼层相比,多糖成为了膜污染的主要因素,不会对膜组件本身构成危害,增强了MBR反应器的实际应用性能.